{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:32:39Z","timestamp":1792812759489,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review will present the latest research related to the production and application of spider silk and silk-based materials in reconstructive and regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, with a focus on musculoskeletal tissues, and including skin regeneration and tissue repair of bone and cartilage, ligaments, muscle tissue, peripheral nerves, and artificial blood vessels. Natural spider silk synthesis is reviewed, and the further recombinant production of spider silk proteins. Research insights into possible spider silk structures, like fibers (1D), coatings (2D), and 3D constructs, including porous structures, hydrogels, and organ-on-chip designs, have been reviewed considering a design of bioactive materials for smart medical implants and drug delivery systems. Silk is one of the toughest natural materials, with high strain at failure and mechanical strength. Novel biomaterials with silk fibroin can mimic the tissue structure and promote regeneration and new tissue growth. Silk proteins are important in designing tissue-on-chip or organ-on-chip technologies and micro devices for the precise engineering of artificial tissues and organs, disease modeling, and the further selection of adequate medical treatments. Recent research indicates that silk (films, hydrogels, capsules, or liposomes coated with silk proteins) has the potential to provide controlled drug release at the target destination. However, even with clear advantages, there are still challenges that need further research, including clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9030169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1710137130000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Review of Spider Silk Applications in Biomedical and Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marija","family":"Brankovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cviji\u0107a bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2509-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Zivic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nenad","family":"Grujovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Stojadinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Center, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovi\u0107a 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5822-4846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Strahinja","family":"Milenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Kotorcevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Liceja Knezevine Srbije 1A, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00621","article-title":"Protein-Based Biological Materials: Molecular Design and Artificial Production","volume":"123","author":"Miserez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99853-6.00015-2","article-title":"Silk-Based Natural Biomaterials: Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Beppu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Handbook of Natural Polymers"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"56","article-title":"Applications of Silk-Based Biomaterials in Biomedicine and Biotechnology","volume":"5","author":"Babu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bhatt, A.S., and Santhosh, G. (2023). Tailored Functional Materials for Clean and Sustainable Development, Apple Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, F.V., Siqueira, R.L., De Morais Ramos, L., Yoshioka, S.A., Branciforti, M.C., and Correa, D.S. (2024). Silk Fibroin-Derived Electrospun Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 254.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127641"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800465","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800465","article-title":"The Biomedical Use of Silk: Past, Present, Future","volume":"8","author":"Holland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s41745-019-00114-y","article-title":"Silk: A Promising Biomaterial Opening New Vistas towards Affordable Healthcare Solutions","volume":"99","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Inst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.09.005","article-title":"Silk Fibroin as Biomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"31","author":"Melke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.74548","article-title":"Silk Fibroin-Based Biomaterials for Cartilage\/Osteochondral Repair","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, X., Wei, L., Xu, Z., Qin, L., Yang, J., Zou, Y., Zhao, C., Chen, L., and Hu, N. (2023). Evaluation and Application of Silk Fibroin Based Biomaterials to Promote Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis Therapy. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082244"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Gregory, D.A., Tomeh, M.A., and Zhao, X. (2021). Silk Fibroin as a Functional Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031499"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6630","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c00654","article-title":"Bioactive Silk Fibroin-Based Hybrid Biomaterials for Musculoskeletal Engineering: Recent Progress and Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, S., Koeck, K., and Scheibel, T. (2020). Spider Silk for Tissue Engineering Applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030737"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.07.008","article-title":"Stem Cell-Based Tissue Engineering with Silk Biomaterials","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"159","article-title":"Surgical Sutures\u2014A Review","volume":"26","author":"Goel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Off. Sci. J. Delhi Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2020-0049","article-title":"Mechanical Properties and Application Analysis of Spider Silk Bionic Material","volume":"20","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00353-8","article-title":"Silk-Based Biomaterials","volume":"24","author":"Altman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-011-6621-8","article-title":"Identification and Synthesis of Novel Biomaterials Based on Spider Structural Silk Fibers","volume":"105","author":"Hsia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Xu, G., Toh, G.W., Du, N., and Liu, X.Y. (2012). Natural Polymers. 1: Composites, RSC Publishing. RSC Green Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3894","article-title":"Hanging on a Thread","volume":"35","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1704636","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704636","article-title":"Biomedical applications of recombinant silk-based materials","volume":"30","author":"Aigner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foppiani, J.A., Weidman, A., Alvarez, A.H., Valentine, L., Devi, K., Kaplan, D.L., and Lin, S.J. (2023). Clinical Use of Non-Suture Silk-Containing Products: A Systematic Review. Biomimetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8010045"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, K., Zhou, S., Li, H., Tian, J., Shen, W., and Huang, W. (2023). Advanced Silk Materials for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1199507"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01716","article-title":"Systematic Review of Silk Scaffolds in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Applications in the Recent Decade","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahn, J., G\u00f6gele, C., and Schulze-Tanzil, G. (2023). Could an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Be Tissue-Engineered from Silk?. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192350"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1225","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1225","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Silk and Its Role for Intervertebral Disc Repair","volume":"5","author":"Croft","year":"2022","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40883-022-00277-8","article-title":"Photocrosslinkable Silk-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine and Healthcare Applications","volume":"9","author":"Dey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Eng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intravaia, J.T., Graham, T., Kim, H.S., Nanda, H.S., Kumbar, S.G., and Nukavarapu, S.P. (2023). Smart Orthopedic Biomaterials and Implants. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng., 25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2022.100439"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"93","article-title":"Bioactive Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"1","author":"Stratton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1189","DOI":"10.1002\/smm2.1189","article-title":"Recent Developments in Artificial Spider Silk and Functional Gel Fibers","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"SmartMat"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.13049","article-title":"Silk Proteins in Reconstructive Surgery: Do They Possess an Inherent Antibacterial Activity? A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Aavani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33191","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c04067","article-title":"Silk Protein-Mediated Biomineralization: From Bioinspired Strategies and Advanced Functions to Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303571","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202303571","article-title":"Self-Healable Spider Dragline Silk Materials","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Jang, J., Chae, S., Yoon, J., Kim, H., and Park, W. (2023). Organ Printing, IOP Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606061","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606061","article-title":"Emerging Biofabrication Strategies for Engineering Complex Tissue Constructs","volume":"29","author":"Pedde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultan, M.T., Lee, O.J., Lee, J.S., and Park, C.H. (2022). Three-Dimensional Digital Light-Processing Bioprinting Using Silk Fibroin-Based Bio-Ink: Recent Advancements in Biomedical Applications. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123224"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46685","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05810","article-title":"Silk Fibroin Improves the Biological Properties of Egg White-Based Bioink for the Bioprinting of Tissue Engineering Materials","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, L., Liu, X., Li, K., Li, X., Zhu, J., Yang, S., Xu, L., Yang, M., Yan, Y., and Yan, J. (2023). A Bioinspired Synthetic Fused Protein Adhesive from Barnacle Cement and Spider Dragline for Potential Biomedical Materials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127125"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.07.005","article-title":"Electrospun Silk Biomaterial Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antezana, P.E., Municoy, S., Ostapchuk, G., Catalano, P.N., Hardy, J.G., Evelson, P.A., Orive, G., and Desimone, M.F. (2023). 4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122743"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.18.7120","article-title":"Structure of a protein superfiber: Spider dragline silk","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/35069000","article-title":"Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk","volume":"410","author":"Vollrath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.23117","article-title":"Expression of Spidroin Proteins in the Silk Glands of Golden Orb-weaver Spiders","volume":"338","author":"Jorge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog. B Mol. Dev. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3852","article-title":"The Nephila Clavipes Genome Highlights the Diversity of Spider Silk Genes and Their Complex Expression","volume":"49","author":"Babb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2006.0240","article-title":"Example of Microprocessing in a Natural Polymeric Fiber: Role of Reeling Stress in Spider Silk","volume":"21","author":"Elices","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4528","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.089144","article-title":"Design of Superior Spider Silk: From Nanostructure to Mechanical Properties","volume":"91","author":"Du","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02516","article-title":"Ex Vivo Rheology of Spider Silk","volume":"209","author":"Kojic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6897","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm25783a","article-title":"Ion Electrodiffusion Governs Silk Electrogelation","volume":"8","author":"Kojic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rigueiro, J., Elices, M., Plaza, G.R., and Guinea, G.V. (2021). Basic Principles in the Design of Spider Silk Fibers. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061794"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.84","article-title":"Molecular Orientation and Two-Component Nature of the Crystalline Fraction of Spider Dragline Silk","volume":"271","author":"Simmons","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0149","article-title":"Nanostructure and molecular mechanics of spider dragline silk protein assemblies","volume":"7","author":"Keten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/004051757704701003","article-title":"Dimensions, Birefringences, and Force-Elongation Behavior of Major and Minor Ampullate Silk Fibers from Orb-Web-Spinning Spiders\u2014The Effects of Wetting on These Properties","volume":"47","author":"Work","year":"1977","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1002\/app.20383","article-title":"Recovery in Spider Silk Fibers","volume":"92","author":"Elices","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18991","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18991","article-title":"Material Properties of Evolutionary Diverse Spider Silks Described by Variation in a Single Structural Parameter","volume":"6","author":"Madurga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.05.329","article-title":"Structure Design and Property of Spider Silk-Inspired Shape Memory Materials","volume":"16","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blamires, S., Lozano-Picazo, P., Bruno, A.L., Arnedo, M., Ruiz-Le\u00f3n, Y., Gonz\u00e1lez-Nieto, D., Rojo, F.J., Elices, M., Guinea, G.V., and P\u00e9rez-Rigueiro, J. (2023). The Spider Silk Standardization Initiative (S3I): A Powerful Tool to Harness Biological Variability and to Systematize the Characterization of Major Ampullate Silk Fibers Spun by Spiders from Suburban Sydney, Australia. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105729"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01809","article-title":"Mechanism of Silk Processing in Insects and Spiders","volume":"424","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-022-00307-6","article-title":"Impact of Physio-Chemical Spinning Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Biomimetic Spider Silk Fibers","volume":"3","author":"Schmuck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spider Silk: A Natural Marvel of Mechanical and Structural Strength","volume":"3","author":"Gatwiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Altman, G.H., Chen, J., Horan, R.L., and Horan, D.J. (2011). Method of Forming an Implantable Knitted Fabric Comprising Silk Fibroin Fibers. (No. 8,628,791), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-9327(86)90049-9","article-title":"The Structure and Properties of Spider Silk","volume":"10","author":"Gosline","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.020","article-title":"Structure\u2013Function\u2013 Property\u2013Design Interplay in Biopolymers: Spider Silk","volume":"10","author":"Tokareva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roloff, F., Strau\u00df, S., Vogt, P.M., Bicker, G., and Radtke, C. (2014). Spider Silk as Guiding Biomaterial for Human Model Neurons. BioMed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/906819"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11502","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11502","article-title":"Spider Wrapping Silk Fibre Architecture Arising from Its Modular Soluble Protein Precursor","volume":"5","author":"Tremblay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00504","article-title":"Recombinant Pyriform Silk Fiber Mechanics Are Modulated by Wet-Spinning Conditions","volume":"5","author":"Simmons","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2018.1546227","article-title":"Fine Structure of the Aggregate Silk Nodules in the Orb-Web Spider Nephila Clavata","volume":"22","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Cells Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bittencourt, D.M.D.C., Oliveira, P., Michalczechen-Lacerda, V.A., Rosinha, G.M.S., Jones, J.A., and Rech, E.L. (2022). Bioengineering of Spider Silks for the Production of Biomedical Materials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.958486"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezaniaghdam, M., Nahdi, N.D., and Reski, R. (2022). Recombinant Spider Silk: Promises and Bottlenecks. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.835637"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407679-2.00004-1","article-title":"Recombinant Production of Spider Silk Proteins","volume":"82","author":"Heidebrecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3010640","article-title":"Recombinant Spider Silks\u2014Biopolymers with Potential for Future Applications","volume":"3","author":"Humenik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.09.007","article-title":"Host Systems for the Production of Recombinant Spider Silk","volume":"39","author":"Whittall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.22828","article-title":"Chimeric Spider Silk Proteins Mediated by Intein Result in Artificial Hybrid Silks","volume":"105","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00980","article-title":"Recombinant Spidroins Fully Replicate Primary Mechanical Properties of Natural Spider Silk","volume":"19","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2022.01.009","article-title":"Secretory Production of Spider Silk Proteins in Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium Glutamicum for Spinning into Tough Fibers","volume":"70","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widmaier, D.M., Tullman-Ercek, D., Mirsky, E.A., Hill, R., Govindarajan, S., Minshull, J., and Voigt, C.A. (2009). Engineering the Salmonella Type III Secretion System to Export Spider Silk Monomers. Mol. Syst. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2009.62"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foong, C.P., Higuchi-Takeuchi, M., Malay, A.D., Oktaviani, N.A., Thagun, C., and Numata, K. (2020). A Marine Photosynthetic Microbial Cell Factory as a Platform for Spider Silk Production. Commun. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-1099-6"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201500412","article-title":"Functionalized Silk Assembled from a Recombinant Spider Silk Fusion Protein (Z-4RepCT) Produced in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris","volume":"11","author":"Jansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683815070066","article-title":"Fermentation Optimization of a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Strain Producing 1F9 Recombinant Spidroin","volume":"51","author":"Sidoruk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065780","article-title":"Spider Silk Fibers Spun from Soluble Recombinant Silk Produced in Mammalian Cells","volume":"295","author":"Lazaris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"83","article-title":"Transient Expression of a Major Ampullate Spidroin 1 Gene Fragment from Euprosthenops sp. in Mammalian Cells","volume":"3","author":"Grip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-007-9090-6","article-title":"Expression of EGFP-Spider Dragline Silk Fusion Protein in BmN Cells and Larvae of Silkworm Showed the Solubility Is Primary Limit for Dragline Proteins Yield","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00720","article-title":"Critical Analysis of the Commercial Potential of Plants for the Production of Recombinant Proteins","volume":"10","author":"Schillberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00006","article-title":"Seed-Specific Expression of Spider Silk Protein Multimers Causes Long-Term Stability","volume":"7","author":"Weichert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-016-9949-1","article-title":"Spider Silk-like Proteins Derived from Transgenic Nicotiana Tabacum","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/89335","article-title":"Production of Spider Silk Proteins in Tobacco and Potato","volume":"19","author":"Scheller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Hugie, M.R. (2019). Expression Systems for Synthetic Spider Silk Protein Production. [Ph.D. Thesis, Utah State University]."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-005-0272-5","article-title":"High Yield Recombinant Silk-like Protein Production in Transgenic Plants through Protein Targeting","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00193","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 Initiated Transgenic Silkworms as a Natural Spinner of Spider Silk","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1021\/bm5007823","article-title":"Mechanical and Physical Properties of Recombinant Spider Silk Films Using Organic and Aqueous Solvents","volume":"15","author":"Tucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2020.1737098","article-title":"Production of Artificial Synthetic Spidroin Gene 4S-Transgenic Cloned Sheep Embryos Using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","article-title":"Porosity of 3D Biomaterial Scaffolds and Osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhbier, J.W., Allmeling, C., Reimers, K., Hillmer, A., Kasper, C., Menger, B., Brandes, G., Guggenheim, M., and Vogt, P.M. (2010). Interactions between Spider Silk and Cells\u2014NIH\/3T3 Fibroblasts Seeded on Miniature Weaving Frames. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012032"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31825","article-title":"First Investigation of Spider Silk as a Braided Microsurgical Suture","volume":"97","author":"Kuhbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennecke, K., Redeker, J., Kuhbier, J., Strauss, S., Allmeling, C., Kasper, C., and Vogt, P. (2013). Bundles of Spider Silk, Braided into Sutures, Resist Basic Cyclic Tests: Potential Use for Flexor Tendon Repair. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061100"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00436.x","article-title":"Use of Spider Silk Fibres as an Innovative Material in a Biocompatible Artificial Nerve Conduit","volume":"10","author":"Allmeling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendt, H., Hillmer, A., Reimers, K., Kuhbier, J., Sch\u00e4fer-Nolte, F., Allmeling, C., and Vogt, P. (2011). Artificial Skin\u2014Culturing of Different Skin Cell Lines for Generating an Artificial Skin Substitute on Cross-Weaved Spider Silk Fibres. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021833"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steins, A., Dik, P., M\u00fcller, W., Vervoort, S., Reimers, K., Kuhbier, J., and Schepers, K. (2015). In Vitro Evaluation of Spider Silk Meshes as a Potential Biomaterial for Bladder Reconstruction. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145240"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trossmann, V.T., Lentz, S., and Scheibel, T. (2023). Factors Influencing Properties of Spider Silk Coatings and Their Interactions within a Biological Environment. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14080434"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15611","DOI":"10.1021\/am5008479","article-title":"Coatings and Films Made of Silk Proteins","volume":"6","author":"Borkner","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6b01721","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Recombinant Silk as a Strategy for Chemical-Free Formation of Bioactive Coatings: A Real-Time Study","volume":"18","author":"Hedin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Wang, Q., Yang, W., Wang, L., Wang, J., You, R., Luo, Z., Zhang, Q., and Yan, S. (2024). Development of a Bioactive Silk Fibroin Bilayer Scaffold for Wound Healing and Scar Inhibition. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 255.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128350"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1021\/la102638j","article-title":"Thin Film Assembly of Spider Silk-like Block Copolymers","volume":"27","author":"Krishnaji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2018.5151","article-title":"Design and Fabrication of Drug-eluting Polymeric Thin Films for Applications in Ophthalmology","volume":"12","author":"Lamprogiannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302813","article-title":"Spider Silk Coatings as a Bioshield to Reduce Periprosthetic Fibrous Capsule Formation","volume":"24","author":"Zeplin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00306","article-title":"Surface Modification of Polymeric Biomaterials Using Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins","volume":"3","author":"Borkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06732-y","article-title":"Water-Responsive Supercontractile Polymer Films for Bioelectronic Interfaces","volume":"624","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Wang, H., Xue, Z., Wei, M., Chen, D., and Li, M. (2010). Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications Ltd."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42541-y","article-title":"Assembly of Functionalized Silk Together with Cells to Obtain Proliferative 3D Cultures Integrated in a Network of ECM-like Microfibers","volume":"9","author":"Johansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.3c00013","article-title":"Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations","volume":"3","author":"Abtahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00483","article-title":"Foams Made of Engineered Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins as 3D Scaffolds for Cell Growth","volume":"2","author":"Schacht","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-005-3431-x","article-title":"Rheological Characterization of Hydrogels Formed by Recombinantly Produced Spider Silk","volume":"82","author":"Rammensee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00303","article-title":"Strategies and Molecular Design Criteria for 3D Printable Hydrogels","volume":"116","author":"Jungst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH00516J","article-title":"Click Chemistry for 3D Bioprinting","volume":"10","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withanage, S., Savin, A., Nikolaeva, V., Kiseleva, A., Dukhinova, M., Krivoshapkin, P., and Krivoshapkina, E. (2021). Native Spider Silk-Based Antimicrobial Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111796"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1039\/C9PY01021A","article-title":"Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: The Importance of Polymer Choice","volume":"11","author":"Spicer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.11.034","article-title":"Silk Protein-Based Hydrogels: Promising Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"31","author":"Kapoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ili\u0107-Stojanovi\u0107, S., Nikoli\u0107, L., and Caki\u0107, S. (2023). A Review of Patents and Innovative Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070556"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahra, D., Shokat, Z., Ahmad, A., Javaid, A., Khurshid, M., Ashfaq, U.A., and Nashwan, A.J. (2023). Exploring the Recent Developments of Alginate Silk Fibroin Material for Hydrogel Wound Dressing: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125989"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202787","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202787","article-title":"Recent Progress in Advanced Hydrogel-Based Embolic Agents: From Rational Design Strategies to Improved Endovascular Embolization","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00813K","article-title":"Naturally Sourced Hydrogels: Emerging Fundamental Materials for next-Generation Healthcare Sensing","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15342","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201907670","article-title":"Stimuli-Responsive Biomolecule-Based Hydrogels and Their Applications","volume":"59","author":"Willner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2020.100543","article-title":"3D Printing of Hydrogels: Rational Design Strategies and Emerging Biomedical Applications","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasturk, O., Jordan, K.E., Choi, J., and Kaplan, D.L. (2020). Enzymatically Crosslinked Silk and Silk-Gelatin Hydrogels with Tunable Gelation Kinetics, Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity for Cell Culture and Encapsulation. Biomaterials, 232.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119720"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02099K","article-title":"Functional Silk Fibroin Hydrogels: Preparation, Properties and Applications","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21544","article-title":"Polymeric Biomaterials: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in Osteoarthritis Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"92","article-title":"Microenvironment-Responsive Nanosystems for Osteoarthritis Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700591","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700591","article-title":"Self-Healing Silk Fibroin-Based Hydrogel for Bone Regeneration: Dynamic Metal-Ligand Self-Assembly Approach","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40013","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c08395","article-title":"Self-Healing, Self-Adhesive Silk Fibroin Conductive Hydrogel as a Flexible Strain Sensor","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01852J","article-title":"Biomimetic Hydrogels Designed for Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Ngadimin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-011-4533-y","article-title":"Injectable Silk Fibroin\/Polyurethane Composite Hydrogel for Nucleus Pulposus Replacement","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., Guo, C., Huang, Z., Zhang, W., Ma, F., Wang, Z., Kong, Q., and Wang, Y. (2023). Application and Development of Hydrogel Biomaterials for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Literature Review. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1286223"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242732","DOI":"10.1080\/10667857.2023.2242732","article-title":"Current Advancements in the Development of Bionic Organs Using Regenerative Medicine and 3D Tissue Engineering","volume":"38","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0104-6","article-title":"Modelling Cancer in Microfluidic Human Organs-on Chips","volume":"19","author":"Hassell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v044a02","article-title":"Tissue Engineering Approaches for the Repair and Regeneration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Towards 3D Bioprinted ACL-on-Chip","volume":"44","author":"Bakirci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.039","article-title":"In Vivo Bioresponses to Silk Proteins","volume":"71","author":"Thurber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2009.12.001","article-title":"Evaluation of a New Type of Wound Dressing Made from Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Using Rat Models","volume":"36","author":"Baoyong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4964","DOI":"10.1039\/c1sm05024a","article-title":"Spider silk-bone sialoprotein fusion proteins for bone tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48739","DOI":"10.1002\/app.48739","article-title":"Optimized Production of a High-Performance Hybrid Biomaterial: Biomineralized Spider Silk for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"137","author":"Dellaquila","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Gu, Z., Yin, Z., Zhang, W., Bai, L., and Su, J. (2023). Cell Unit-Inspired Natural Nano-Based Biomaterials as Versatile Building Blocks for Bone\/Cartilage Regeneration. J. Nanobiotechnology, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02003-0"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastagir, K., Dastagir, N., Limbourg, A., Reimers, K., Straub, S., and Vogt, P. (2020). In Vitro Construction of Artificial Blood Vessels Using Spider Silk as a Supporting Matrix. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103436"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308888","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202308888","article-title":"Biomimetic Vascular Grafts with Circumferentially and Axially Oriented Microporous Structures for Native Blood Vessel Regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000185","article-title":"In Vivo Regeneration of Elastic Lamina on Fibroin Biodegradable Vascular Scaffold","volume":"36","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1163\/156856208784089607","article-title":"Silk-Based Electrospun Tubular Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts","volume":"19","author":"Soffer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.003","article-title":"Small Diameter Electrospun Silk Fibroin Vascular Grafts: Mechanical Properties, in Vitro Biodegradability, and in Vivo Biocompatibility","volume":"54","author":"Catto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"52063642","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Spider Silk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction","volume":"11","author":"Cardenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.04.027","article-title":"In Vitro Study on Silk Fibroin Textile Structure for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Regeneration","volume":"33","author":"Torricelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701427","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201701427","article-title":"Surface Features of Recombinant Spider Silk Protein eADF4(\u039a16)-Made Materials Are Well-Suited for Cardiac Tissue Engineering","volume":"27","author":"Petzold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9167","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b03644","article-title":"Nanofiber Yarn\/Hydrogel Core\u2013Shell Scaffolds Mimicking Native Skeletal Muscle Tissue for Guiding 3D Myoblast Alignment, Elongation, and Differentiation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5646","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b01062","article-title":"Interwoven Aligned Conductive Nanofiber Yarn\/Hydrogel Composite Scaffolds for Engineered 3D Cardiac Anisotropy","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, R., Ma, P.X., and Guo, B. (2020). Conductive Biomaterials for Muscle Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials, 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119584"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00741","article-title":"Tunable Light-Actuated Interpenetrating Networks of Silk Fibroin and Gelatin for Tissue Engineering and Flexible Biodevices","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2008.00534.x","article-title":"Spider Silk Fibres in Artificial Nerve Constructs Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","volume":"41","author":"Allmeling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00628","article-title":"Recombinant Spider Silk and Collagen-Based Nerve Guidance Conduits Support Neuronal Cell Differentiation and Functionality In Vitro","volume":"2","author":"Pawar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewicka, M., Rebellato, P., Lewicki, J., Uhl\u00e9n, P., Rising, A., and Hermanson, O. (2019). Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Matrices Facilitate Multi-Analysis of Calcium-Signaling in Neural Stem Cell-Derived AMPA-Responsive Neuron. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/579292"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Hu, J. (2022, January 23\u201325). Spider Silks and Their Nanostructures. Proceedings of the Global Summit on Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties Nanomaterials NANOMAT22, Dubai, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Zivic, F., Grujovic, N., Ul Ahad, I., and Brabazon, D. (2018). Commercialization of Nanotechnologies\u2014A Case Study Approach, Springer."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06767-6","article-title":"Silk Protein Sericin: A Promising Therapy for Achilles Tendinopathy\u2014Evidence from an Experimental Rat Model","volume":"42","author":"Sayin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201200382","article-title":"Focal Infection Treatment Using Laser-Mediated Heating of Injectable Silk Hydrogels with Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"22","author":"Kojic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2018.05.002","article-title":"Biopolymer Based Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105255","article-title":"Innovative Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers in Cancer Research","volume":"91","author":"Rasekh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1039\/c3bm60109a","article-title":"Surface Properties of Spider Silk Particles in Solution","volume":"1","author":"Helfricht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2014.11.010","article-title":"Silk as an Innovative Biomaterial for Cancer Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30517","article-title":"Nanomedicine in Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"140","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00987C","article-title":"Advances in Local and Systemic Drug Delivery Systems for Post-Surgical Cancer Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Aquib","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2016.1156671","article-title":"Biodegradable Polymers for Targeted Delivery of Anti-Cancer Drugs","volume":"13","author":"Doppalapudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200400405","article-title":"Water-Stable Silk Films with Reduced \u03b2-Sheet Content","volume":"15","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ib00013b","article-title":"Homing Peptides as Targeted Delivery Vehicles","volume":"2","author":"Laakkonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100274","article-title":"Silk-Based Nanocomplexes with Tumor-Homing Peptides for Tumor-Specific Gene Delivery","volume":"12","author":"Numata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB00233E","article-title":"Blending Two Bioengineered Spider Silks to Develop Cancer Targeting Spheres","volume":"5","author":"Florczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201200407","article-title":"Characterization of Small Molecule Controlled Release from Silk Films","volume":"214","author":"Hines","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0276","article-title":"Delivery of Chemotherapeutics Using Spheres Made of Bioengineered Spider Silks Derived from MaSp1 and MaSp2 Proteins","volume":"13","author":"Jastrzebska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florczak, A., Deptuch, T., Kucharczyk, K., and Dams-Kozlowska, H. (2021). Systemic and Local Silk-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215389"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.049","article-title":"An Implantable and Controlled Drug-Release Silk Fibroin Nanofibrous Matrix to Advance the Treatment of Solid Tumour Cancers","volume":"103","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b01715","article-title":"Highly Porous Silk Fibroin Scaffold Packed in PEGDA\/Sucrose Microneedles for Controllable Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Z., Tao, X., Tan, G., Tian, B., Zhang, L., Kundu, S.C., and Lu, S. (2023). Electro-Responsive Silk Fibroin Microneedles for Controlled Release of Insulin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124684"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102234","article-title":"Silk-on-Silk Layer-by-Layer Microcapsules","volume":"23","author":"Shchepelina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.11.002","article-title":"Silk Nanospheres and Microspheres from Silk\/Pva Blend Films for Drug Delivery","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florczak, A., Grzechowiak, I., Deptuch, T., Kucharczyk, K., Kaminska, A., and Dams-Kozlowska, H. (2020). Silk Particles as Carriers of Therapeutic Molecules for Cancer Treatment. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214946"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"e54669","article-title":"Manufacture and Drug Delivery Applications of Silk Nanoparticles","volume":"116","author":"Wongpinyochit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12351-1","article-title":"Drug Release from Core-Shell PVA\/Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Fabricated by One-Step Electrospraying","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"41702","article-title":"Production of Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Using Ionic Liquids and High-Power Ultrasounds","volume":"132","author":"Montalban","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.08.005","article-title":"Silk Fibroin Spheres as a Platform for Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"132","author":"Wenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Controll. Release"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03218567","article-title":"Fluorescent Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Prepared Using a Reverse Microemulsion","volume":"16","author":"Myung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c00202","article-title":"Manual Versus Microfluidic Assisted Nanoparticle Manufacture: Impact of Silk Fibroin Stock on Nanoparticle Characteristics","volume":"6","author":"Solomun","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"87","article-title":"Ultrafine Silk Powder from Biocompatible Surfactant-Assisted Milling","volume":"185","author":"Kazemimostaghim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-3022-9","article-title":"Fabricated Porous Silk Fibroin Particles for pHresponsive Drug Delivery and Targeting of Tumor Cells","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035103","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/3\/035103","article-title":"Drug Loading and Release on Tumor Cells Using Silk Fibroin-Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers","volume":"24","author":"Subia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/app.24768","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Composite Based on Hyperbranched Polysilane and Fullerene","volume":"105","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S80434","article-title":"Formation of Curcumin Nanoparticles via Solution-Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical CO2","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kucharczyk, K., Rybka, J., Hilgendorff, M., Krupinski, M., Slachcinski, M., Mackiewicz, A., and Dams-Kozlowska, H. (2019). Composite Spheres Made of Bioengineered Spider Silk and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostics Applications. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219790"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c01138","article-title":"Designed Spider Silk-Based Drug Carrier for Redox- or pH-Triggered Drug Release","volume":"21","author":"Herold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1678-9199-20-19","article-title":"Septic Arthritis: Immunopathogenesis, Experimental Models and Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Colavite","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, R., Wohlers, A., Shreffler, J., Mulinti, P., Ostlie, H., Schaper, C., Brooks, B., and Brooks, A. (2020). An Antibiotic-Releasing Bone Void Filling (ABVF) Putty for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225080"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulinti, P., Shreffler, J., Hasan, R., Dea, M., and Brooks, A.E. (2021). Infection Responsive Smart Delivery of Antibiotics Using Recombinant Spider Silk Nanospheres. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091358"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuluaga-V\u00e9lez, A., Quintero-Martinez, A., Orozco, L.M., and Sep\u00falveda-Arias, J.C. (2021). Silk Fibroin Nanocomposites as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds\u2014A Systematic Review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111924"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b01560","article-title":"Comprehensive Review on Silk at Nanoscale for Regenerative Medicine and Allied Applications","volume":"5","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw2541","article-title":"Biomimetic Composites with Enhanced Toughening Using Silk-Inspired Triblock Proteins and Aligned Nanocellulose Reiforcements","volume":"5","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Luca, V., and Nicola, P. (2019). Nanotube Superfiber Materials, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00373","article-title":"Self-Assembly of RGD-Functionalized Recombinant Spider Silk Protein into Microspheres in Physiological Buffer and in the Presence of Hyaluronic Acid","volume":"6","author":"Ornithopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.11.030","article-title":"Modeling the 3-Dimensional Structure of the Silkworm\u2019s Spinning Apparatus in Silk Production","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110698","article-title":"Recent Trends in the Application of Widely Used Natural and Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites in Bone Tissue Regeneration","volume":"110","author":"Bharadwaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.135681","article-title":"Synthesis, in Vitro Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Property of Novel Silk fibroin@Ag Spheres","volume":"357","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.135541","article-title":"ZIF-8 Nanoparticles Combined with Fibroin Protein Co-Modified TiO2 Nanotube Arrays to Construct a Drug Sustained-Release Platform","volume":"356","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305215","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305215","article-title":"Natural Multifunctional Silk Microcarriers for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.105468","article-title":"A Convergent Fabrication of Graphene Oxide\/Silk Fibroin\/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites Delivery Improved Early Osteoblast Cell Adhesion and Bone Regeneration","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katti, K.S., Jasuja, H., Kar, S., and Katti, D.R. (2021). Nanostructured Biomaterials for in Vitro Models of Bone Metastasis Cancer. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng., 17.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2020.100254"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/3\/169\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:54Z","timestamp":1760105514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/3\/169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics9030169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics9030169","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]}}}