{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:42Z","timestamp":1787027742836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"RSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-73-10007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-73-10007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b2-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2-TCP) is a promising material in regenerative traumatology for the creation of bone implants. Previously, it was established that doping the structure with certain cations can reduce the growth of bacterial activity. Recently, much attention has been paid to co-doped \u03b2-TCP, that is explained by their ability, on the one hand, to reduce cytotoxicity for cells of the human organism, on the other hand, to achieve a successful antibacterial effect. Sr, Cu-co-doped solid solutions of the composition Ca9.5\u2013xSrxCu(PO4)7 was obtained by the method of solid-phase reactions. The Rietveld method of structural refinement revealed the presence of Sr2+ ions in four crystal sites: M1, M2, M3, and M4. The M5 site is completely occupied by Cu2+. Isomorphic substitution of Ca2+ \u2192 (Sr2+and Cu2+) expands the concentration limits of the existence of the solid solution with the \u03b2-TCP structure. No additional phases were formed up to x = 4.5 in Ca9.5\u2013xSrxCu(PO4)7. Biocompatibility tests were performed on cell lines of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC), human fibroblasts (MRC-5) and osteoblasts (U-2OS). It was demonstrated that cytotoxicity exhibited a concentration dependence, along with an increase in osteogenesis and cell proliferation. Ca9.5\u2013xSrxCu(PO4)7 powders showed significant inhibitory activity against pathogenic strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Piezoelectric properties of Ca9.5\u2013xSrxCu(PO4)7 were investigated. Possible ways to achieve high piezoelectric response are discussed. The combination of bioactive properties of Ca9.5\u2013xSrxCu(PO4)7 renders them multifunctional materials suitable for bone substitutes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9040252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Strontium and Copper Co-Doped Multifunctional Calcium Phosphates: Biomimetic and Antibacterial Materials for Bone Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vladimir N.","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariya I.","family":"Kharovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan I.","family":"Lazoryak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya O.","family":"Solovieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology Active Compounds, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology\u2013Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL\u2013Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2719-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inna V.","family":"Fadeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science RAS, Leninskie, 49, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5311-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkarim A.","family":"Amirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amirkhanov Institute of Physics, Dagestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 367003 Makhachkala, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksim A.","family":"Koliushenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gori 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid F.","family":"Orudzhev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geothermal and Renewal Energy Institute of the High Temperature Joint Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 367015 Makhachkala, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana V.","family":"Baryshnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoriya G.","family":"Yankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Building 2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julietta V.","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, Building 2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISM-CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9422-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina V.","family":"Deyneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Arctic Mineralogy and Material Sciences, Kola Science Centre RAS, 14 Fersman Str., 184209 Apatity, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4596(74)90030-9","article-title":"Crystallographic studies of the role of Mg as a stabilizing impurity in \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2. The crystal structure of pure \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2","volume":"10","author":"Dickens","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(89)90012-4","article-title":"Growth of osteoblasts on porous calcium phosphate ceramic: An in vitro model for biocompatibility study","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199901)44:1<78::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Degradation of calcium phosphate ceramics","volume":"44","author":"Koerten","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.05.048","article-title":"Osteoclast resorption of beta-tricalcium phosphate controlled by surface architecture","volume":"35","author":"Davison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1039\/C7BM00717E","article-title":"Variation of the bone forming ability with the physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate bone substitutes","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.02.036","article-title":"Towards an improved understanding of the \u03b2-TCP crystal structure by means of \u2018checkerboard\u2019 atomistic simulations","volume":"43","author":"Sblendorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4596(03)00279-2","article-title":"Crystal structure analysis of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 by neutron powder diffraction","volume":"175","author":"Yashima","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.10.017","article-title":"Synthesis, Structural analysis, Mechanical, antibacterial and Hemolytic activity of Mg2+ and Cu2+ co-substitutions in \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2","volume":"45","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33921","article-title":"Hyperthermia effect and antibacterial efficacy of Fe3+\/Co2+ co-substitutions in \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2 for bone cancer and defect therapy","volume":"106","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res.\u2014Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.04.010","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate co-doped with monovalent and divalent antibacterial metal ions","volume":"5","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prosolov, K., Lastovka, V., Khimich, M., Glukhov, I., Kashin, A., Luginin, N., and Sharkeev, Y. (2023). Influence of Cu Substitution on the Properties of Hydroxyapatite Targets and Deposited Coatings. Coatings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13081410"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.03.260","article-title":"Dependence of antimicrobial properties on site-selective arrangement and concentration of bioactive Cu2+ ions in tricalcium phosphate","volume":"49","author":"Deyneko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.03.245","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and investigation of antibacterial silver-zinc co-doped \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate by spray pyrolysis","volume":"46","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.12.232","article-title":"Silver- and\/or titanium-doped \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic with antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"48","author":"Stipniece","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"112684","article-title":"Synergic role of zinc and gallium doping in hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to improve osteogenesis and antibacterial activity","volume":"134","author":"Shokri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.06.237","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of co-doped tricalcium phosphates Ca3-2x(M\u2032M\u2033)x(PO4)2 (M = Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Sr2+)","volume":"48","author":"Deyneko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/21870764.2018.1564477","article-title":"Enhanced antimicrobial properties of bioactive glass using strontium and silver oxide nanocomposites","volume":"7","author":"Ranga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328216672088","article-title":"Antibacterial and osteo-stimulatory effects of a borate-based glass series doped with strontium ions","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.085","article-title":"Study on MgxSr3-x(PO4)2 bioceramics as potential bone grafts","volume":"175","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.230091lc","article-title":"Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite and its role in osteogenesis and angiogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Ran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.V., dos Gomes, D.S., de Victor, R.S., de Santana, L.N.L., Neves, G.A., and Menezes, R.R. (2023). Influence of Strontium on the Biological Behavior of Bioactive Glasses for Bone Regeneration. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247654"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.08.043","article-title":"Dual effect of strontium ranelate: Stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and inhibition of osteoclast formation and resorption in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Bonnelye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.03.014","article-title":"A novel and easy-to-prepare strontium(II) modified calcium phosphate bone cement with enhanced mechanical properties","volume":"9","author":"Schumacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, Q., Yang, X., Diao, J., Ding, H., Wu, Y., Ren, X., Gao, J., Ma, M., and Yang, S. (2023). 3D printed strontium-doped calcium phosphate ceramic scaffold enhances early angiogenesis and promotes bone repair through the regulation of macrophage polarization. Mater. Today Bio, 23.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100871"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dapporto, M., Tavoni, M., Restivo, E., Carella, F., Bruni, G., Mercatali, L., Visai, L., Tampieri, A., Iafisco, M., and Sprio, S. (2022). Strontium-doped apatitic bone cements with tunable antibacterial and antibiofilm ability. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.969641"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghezzi, D., Graziani, G., Cappelletti, M., Fadeeva, I.V., Montesissa, M., Sassoni, E., Borciani, G., Barbaro, K., Boi, M., and Baldini, N. (2024). Newly developed biocompatible strontium-substituted tricalcium phosphate coatings for spine prostheses exhibit antibacterial and anti-adhesion properties against human pathogenic bacteria. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1347811"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceram.2021.100168","article-title":"Influence of dopants on thermal stability and densification of \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate powders","volume":"7","author":"Somers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Ceram."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.0c01534","article-title":"Thermally Induced Crystallization and Phase Evolution of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Substituted with Divalent Cations Having Different Sizes","volume":"21","author":"Sinusaite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"345","article-title":"Crystallographic computing system JANA2006: General features","volume":"229","author":"Petricek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Fur Krist."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889869006558","article-title":"A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures","volume":"2","author":"Rietveld","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1021\/cm020243l","article-title":"Polar and Centrosymmetric Phases in Solid Solutions Ca3-xSrx(PO4)2 (0 \u2264 x \u2264 16\/7)","volume":"14","author":"Belik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10111","article-title":"Modulation of the proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by copper","volume":"85","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.04.028","article-title":"Osteogenesis stimulation by copper-containing 316L stainless steel via activation of akt cell signaling pathway and Runx2 upregulation","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.646","article-title":"Strontium Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and In Vivo Bone Formation by Activating Wnt\/Catenin Signaling","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283966","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying divergent relationships between Ca2+ and YAP\/TAZ signalling","volume":"601","author":"Khalilimeybodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-6568(02)00007-4","article-title":"Modulation of the Ras\/Raf\/MEK\/ERK pathway by Ca2+, and Calmodulin","volume":"14","author":"Agell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22469","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra43171a","article-title":"Synthesis, structural analysis and fabrication of coatings of the Cu2+ and Sr2+ co-substitutions in \u03b2-Ca3(PO4)2","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2007.12.030","article-title":"A near-infrared spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl","volume":"71","author":"Reddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567739476001551","article-title":"Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides","volume":"32","author":"Shannon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3093863","article-title":"Direct and ultrasonic measurements of macroscopic piezoelectricity in sintered hydroxyapatite","volume":"105","author":"Tofail","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.13045","article-title":"Piezoelectricity in Poled Hydroxyapatite Ceramics","volume":"97","author":"Gandhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2005.10.005","article-title":"Bioelectromechanical imaging by scanning probe microscopy: Galvani\u2019s experiment at the nanoscale","volume":"106","author":"Kalinin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2006984","article-title":"Electromechanical imaging of biological systems with sub-10nm resolution","volume":"87","author":"Kalinin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1154\/1.1370567","article-title":"X-ray powder diffraction study of synthetic Palmierite, K2Pb(SO4)2","volume":"16","author":"Tissot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Powder Diffr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.11.172","article-title":"Enhanced nonlinear optical activity and Ca2+-conductivity in Ca10.5-xPbx(VO4)7 ferroelectrics","volume":"735","author":"Stefanovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-021-00907-2","article-title":"Cobalt-doped bioceramic scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing show enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic properties for bone repair","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.12.034","article-title":"Synthesis, sintering, radiopacity and cytotoxicity of Ca, Sr and Ba\u2014Phosphate bioceramics","volume":"44","author":"Matejdes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2208256","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202208256","article-title":"Piezocatalytic Medicine: An Emerging Frontier using Piezoelectric Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, P.-L., Wong, R.S.-M., Lam, K.-H., Hung, L.-K., Wong, M.-M., Yung, L.-H., Ho, Y.-W., Wong, W.-Y., Hau, D.K.-P., and Gambari, R. (2020). The role of reactive oxygen species in the biological activity of antimicrobial agents: An updated mini review. Chem. Biol. Interact., 320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109023"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02008098","article-title":"Biologic significance of piezoelectricity","volume":"1","author":"Bassett","year":"1967","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/228473a0","article-title":"Piezoelectric Effect and Growth Control in Bone","volume":"228","author":"Marino","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02215","article-title":"Ferroelectric Polarization in Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Thin Films on Silicon","volume":"3","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Suryani, L., Zhou, X., Muthukumaran, P., Rakshit, M., Yang, F., Wen, F., Hassanbhai, A.M., Parida, K., and Simon, D.T. (2021). Synergistic Effect of PVDF-Coated PCL-TCP Scaffolds and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Osteogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126438"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133537","article-title":"Alginate-PVDF piezoelectric hydrogel containing calcium copper titanate- hydroxyapatite as a self-powered scaffold for bone tissue engineering and energy harvesting","volume":"687","author":"Khazani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"399","article-title":"A biomimetic piezoelectric scaffold with sustained Mg2+ release promotes neurogenic and angiogenic differentiation for enhanced bone regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen, J.H., van der Jagt, O.P., Punt, B.J., Verhaar, J.A., van Leeuwen, J.P., Weinans, H., and Jahr, H. (2010). Stimulation of osteogenic differentiation in human osteoprogenitor cells by pulsed electromagnetic fields: An in vitro study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-188"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"346","article-title":"Piezoelectric hydrogel for treatment of periodontitis through bioenergetic activation","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.105901","article-title":"Remotely controlled self-powering electrical stimulators for osteogenic differentiation using bone inspired bioactive piezoelectric whitlockite nanoparticles","volume":"85","author":"Kaliannagounder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhoi, B., and Purohit, P. (2022, January 11\u201312). A Study on Effect of Doping on Piezoelectric Materials. Proceedings of the 2022 International Interdisciplinary Conference on Mathematics, Engineering and Science (MESIICON), Durgapur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESIICON55227.2022.10093306"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/4\/252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:31:42Z","timestamp":1760106702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/4\/252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics9040252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics9040252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]}}}