{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:35:49Z","timestamp":1785818149832,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council (CNR) of Italy","award":["2022\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u20132023"]}]},{"name":"Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology","award":["2022\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u20132023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, polyelectrolytes have been successfully used as an alternative to non-collagenous proteins to promote interfibrillar biomineralization, to reproduce the spatial intercalation of mineral phases among collagen fibrils, and to design bioinspired scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration. Herein, hybrid nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning, by using a mixture of Poly \u025b-caprolactone (PCL) and cationic cellulose derivatives, i.e., cellulose-bearing imidazolium tosylate (CIMD). The obtained fibers were self-assembled with Sodium Alginate (SA) by polyelectrolyte interactions with CIMD onto the fiber surface and, then, treated with simulated body fluid (SBF) to promote the precipitation of calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of SA and CaP, while SEM equipped with EDX analysis mapped the calcium phosphate constituent elements, estimating an average Ca\/P ratio of about 1.33\u2014falling in the range of biological apatites. Moreover, in vitro studies have confirmed the good response of mesenchymal cells (hMSCs) on biomineralized samples, since day 3, with a significant improvement in the presence of SA, due to the interaction of SA with CaP deposits. More interestingly, after a decay of metabolic activity on day 7, a relevant increase in cell proliferation can be recognized, in agreement with the beginning of the differentiation phase, confirmed by ALP results. Antibacterial tests performed by using different bacteria populations confirmed that nanofibers with an SA-CIMD complex show an optimal inhibitory response against S. mutans, S. aureus, and E. coli, with no significant decay due to the effect of CaP, in comparison with non-biomineralized controls. All these data suggest a promising use of these biomineralized fibers as bioinspired membranes with efficient antimicrobial and osteoconductive cues suitable to support bone healing\/regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9040253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biomineralization of Polyelectrolyte-Functionalized Electrospun Fibers: Optimization and In Vitro Validation for Bone Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Salama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4711-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iriczalli","family":"Cruz-Maya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d\u2019Oltremare, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Alvarez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, DEPeI, School of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s\/n C.P., Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d\u2019Oltremare, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, Z., Luo, X., Wang, T., Zhao, X., Lu, B., Chen, F., and Zheng, L. (2022). Calcium Phosphate-Based Biomaterials for Bone Repair. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040187"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pupilli, F., Ruffini, A., Dapporto, M., Tavoni, M., Tampieri, A., and Sprio, S. (2022). Design Strategies and Biomimetic Approaches for Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Regeneration. 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