{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:35:03Z","timestamp":1788165303683,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Cadiz","award":["I+i 2023\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I+i 2023\/01"]}]},{"name":"University of Cadiz","award":["FEDER-UCA18-108407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER-UCA18-108407"]}]},{"name":"University of Cadiz","award":["P18-RT-2916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P18-RT-2916"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andalucia","award":["I+i 2023\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I+i 2023\/01"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andalucia","award":["FEDER-UCA18-108407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER-UCA18-108407"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andalucia","award":["P18-RT-2916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P18-RT-2916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of both hands is a common practice in everyday life. The capacity to interact with the environment is largely dependent on the ability to use both hands. A thorough review of the current state of the art reveals that commercially available prosthetic hands designed for children are very different in functionality from those developed for adults, primarily due to prosthetic hands for adults featuring a greater number of actuated joints. Many times, patients stop using their prosthetic device because they feel that it does not fit well in terms of shape and size. With the idea of solving these problems, the design of HandBot-Kid has been developed with the anthropomorphic qualities of a child between the ages of eight and twelve in mind. Fitting the features of this age range, the robotic hand has a length of 16 cm, width of 7 cm, thickness of 3.6 cm, and weight of 328 g. The prosthesis is equipped with a total of fifteen degrees of freedom (DOF), with three DOFs allocated to each finger. The concept of design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) has been integrated into the development process, enabling the number of parts to be optimized in order to reduce the production time and cost. The utilization of 3D printing technology in conjunction with aluminum machining enabled the manufacturing process of the robotic hand prototype to be streamlined. The flexion\u2013extension movement of each finger exhibits a trajectory that is highly similar to that of a real human finger. The four-bar mechanism integrated into the finger design achieves a mechanical advantage (MA) of 40.33% and a fingertip pressure force of 10.23 N. Finally, HandBot-Kid was subjected to a series of studies and taxonomical tests, including Cutkosky (16 points) and Kapandji (4 points) score tests, and the functional results were compared with some commercial solutions for children mentioned in the state of the art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9070401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:23:55Z","timestamp":1719919435000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anthropomorphic Robotic Hand Prosthesis Developed for Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Medina-Coello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Robotics Research Group (TEP-940), School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blas","family":"Salvador-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Robotics Research Group (TEP-940), School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Badesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automation and Robotics (CAR) UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1988-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Robotics Research Group (TEP-940), School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4250-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Plastrotmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Science M\u00fcnster, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Morgado-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Robotics Research Group (TEP-940), School of Engineering, University of Cadiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000094","article-title":"A review of upper limb pediatric prostheses and perspectives on future advancements","volume":"46","author":"Battraw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. 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