{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T19:09:19Z","timestamp":1781291359507,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The automotive industry continuously enhances vehicle design to meet the growing demand for more efficient vehicles. Computational design and numerical simulation are essential tools for developing concept cars with lower carbon emissions and reduced costs. Underground roads are proposed as an attractive alternative for reducing surface congestion, improving traffic flow, reducing travel times and minimizing noise pollution in urban areas, creating a quieter and more livable environment for residents. In this context, a concept car body design for underground tunnels was proposed, inspired by the mako shark shape due to its exceptional operational kinetic qualities. The proposed biomimetic-based method using computational fluid dynamics for engineering design includes an iterative process and car body optimization in terms of lift and drag performance. A mesh sensitivity and convergence analysis was performed in order to ensure the reliability of numerical results. The unique surface shape of the shark enabled remarkable aerodynamic performance for the concept car, achieving a drag coefficient value of 0.28. The addition of an aerodynamic diffuser improved downforce by reducing 58% of the lift coefficient to a final value of 0.02. Benchmark validation was carried out using reported results from sources available in the literature. The proposed biomimetic design process based on computational fluid modeling reduces the time and resources required to create new concept car models. This approach helps to achieve efficient automotive solutions with low aerodynamic drag for a low-carbon future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9080448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T10:46:20Z","timestamp":1721817980000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Efficient Mako Shark-Inspired Aerodynamic Design for Concept Car Bodies in Underground Road Tunnel Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Venegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, 4051381 Collao Avenue, Concepci\u00f3n 1202, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"O\u00f1ate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070409, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00e1n G.","family":"Pierart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, 4051381 Collao Avenue, Concepci\u00f3n 1202, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Sciences of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7033-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunny","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Advanced Materials, Campus Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Av. 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