{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:57:34Z","timestamp":1791352654774,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG1221816C43DA9B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG1221816C43DA9B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The collapsible tubular mast (CTM) can be compactly folded for transport and deployed in orbit to serve as a key structural element. Once deployed, the CTM is vulnerable to buckling under axial load and bending moments, compromising its load-bearing capacity. The intricate relationship between the CTM\u2019s cross-section and its buckling behavior poses a significant challenge for designers. This is due to the ultra-thin nature of the CTM, which gives rise to highly localized buckling modes rather than global ones. To overcome this challenge, we developed surrogate models using a neural network (NN) trained with data from finite element analysis (FEA). These NN-based surrogate models provide high computational accuracy in predicting nonlinear buckling loads under axial force and bending moments around the two principal axes of the CTM\u2019s cross-section, achieving R2 values of 0.9906, 0.9987, and 0.9628, respectively. These models also significantly improve computational efficiency, reducing prediction time to a fraction of a second compared to several minutes with FEA. Furthermore, the NN-based surrogate models enable the usage of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for multi-objective optimization (MOO) of the CTMs. These models can be integrated in the NSGA-II algorithm to evaluate the objective function of existing and new individuals until a set of 1000 non-dominated solutions, i.e., cross-sectional configurations optimizing buckling performance, is identified. The proposed approach enables the design of ultra-thin CTMs with optimized stability and structural integrity by promoting design decisions based on the quantitative information provided by the NN-based surrogate models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9080494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T09:20:51Z","timestamp":1723627251000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neural Network-Based Surrogate Modeling for Buckling Performance Optimization of Lightweight-Composite Collapsible Tubular Masts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Palmeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9159-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Laurenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2022.107893","article-title":"Flexible, efficient and adaptive modular impact-resistant metamaterials","volume":"239","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2024.105672","article-title":"Origami-based bidirectional self-locking system for energy absorption","volume":"188","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2023.112257","article-title":"An on-demand tunable energy absorption system to resolve multi-directional impacts","volume":"271","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.05.024","article-title":"Nonlinear buckling and folding analysis of a storable tubular ultrathin boom for nanosatellites","volume":"132","author":"Barbera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2014.03.043","article-title":"Coiling dynamic analysis of thin-walled composite deployable boom","volume":"113","author":"Stabile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leclerc, C., Pedivellano, A., and Pellegrino, S. (2018, January 8\u201312). Stress concentration and material failure during coiling of ultra-thin TRAC booms. Proceedings of the 2018 AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2018-0690"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2022.112010","article-title":"Formation and propagation of buckles in coilable cylindrical thin shells with a thickness discontinuity","volume":"259","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2016.11.009","article-title":"An experimental and numerical study of flattening and wrapping process of deployable composite thin-walled lenticular tubes","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L.T., and Pellegrino, S. (2004, January 19\u201322). Ultra thin deployable reflector antennas. Proceedings of the 45th AIAA-ASME-ASCE-AHS-ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Palm Springs, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2004-1730"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.02.008","article-title":"NanoSail-D: A solar sail demonstration mission","volume":"68","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.10.001","article-title":"Performance analysis and mission applications of a new solar sail concept based on crossed booms with tip-deployed membranes","volume":"67","author":"Seefeldt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714371","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/714371","article-title":"Dynamic and structural performances of a new sailcraft concept for interplanetary missions","volume":"2015","author":"Peloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Palmeri, F., Tortorici, D., Laurenzi, S., Santonicola, M., Circi, C., Pizzarelli, M., Pizzurro, S., Pellegrini, R.C., and Cavallini, E. (2022, January 18\u201322). Structural design of booms for the solar sail of Helianthus sailcraft. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress: IAC Proceedings. International Astronautical Federation, IAF, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2020.10.024","article-title":"On-orbit flight testing of the Roll-Out Solar Array","volume":"179","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2014.01.009","article-title":"Dynamics and robust adaptive control of a deployable boom for a space probe","volume":"97","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2020.10.031","article-title":"Analysis and design of a spacecraft docking system using a deployable boom","volume":"179","author":"Takao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"156","article-title":"Storable tubular extendible member: A unique machine element","volume":"37","author":"Rimrott","year":"1965","journal-title":"Mach. Des."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leclerc, C., Wilson, L.L., Bessa, M.A., and Pellegrino, S. (2017, January 9\u201313). Characterization of ultra-thin composite triangular rollable and collapsible booms. Proceedings of the 4th AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conference, Grapevine, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2017-0172"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fernandez, J.M. (2018). Sheath-Based Rollable Lenticular-Shaped and Low-Stiction Composite Boom. (9,863,148), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rennie, B.B. (1967, January 4\u20135). New closed tubular extendible boom. Proceedings of the 2nd Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, Santa Clara, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Aguirre-Martinez, M., Bureo-Dacal, R., Del Campo, F., and Fuentes, M. (October, January 30). The CTM family of Masts and the CTM Engineering Model. Proceedings of the 3rd European Space Mechanisms & Tribology Symposium, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hillebrandt, M., Meyer, S., Zander, M., Straubel, M., and H\u00fchne, C. (2014, January 1\u20134). The boom design of the de-orbit sail satellite. Proceedings of the European Conference on Spacecraft Structures, Materials and Mechanical Testing, Braunschweig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.09.016","article-title":"The 3-step DLR\u2013ESA Gossamer road to solar sailing","volume":"48","author":"Geppert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2010.09.005","article-title":"Ultralight deployable booms for solar sails and other large gossamer structures in space","volume":"68","author":"Block","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, J.M., Rose, G., Stohlman, O.R., Younger, C.J., Dean, G.D., Warren, J.E., Kang, J.H., Bryant, R.G., and Wilkie, K.W. (2018, January 8\u201312). An advanced composites-based solar sail system for interplanetary small satellite missions. Proceedings of the 2018 AIAA Spacecraft Structures Conference, Kissimmee, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2018-1437"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stohlman, O.R., Zander, M.E., and Fernandez, J.M. (19\u201321, January 11\u201315). Characterization and modeling of large collapsible tubular mast booms. Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, Virtual.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-0903"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkie, W.K. (19\u201321, January 11\u201315). Overview of the nasa advanced composite solar sail system (acs3) technology demonstration project. Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, Virtual.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-1260"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.02.029","article-title":"A study of flattening process of deployable composite thin-walled lenticular tubes under compression and tension","volume":"168","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2019.02.014","article-title":"Folding analysis for thin-walled deployable composite boom","volume":"159","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.09.054","article-title":"Analytical solutions for predicting in-plane strain and interlaminar shear stress of ultra-thin-walled lenticular collapsible composite tube in fold deformation","volume":"97","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.110936","article-title":"Preliminary test and analysis of an ultralight lenticular tube based on shape memory polymer composites","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmeri, F., Laurenzi, S., and Pellegrino, S. (2024, January 8\u201312). Root Boundary Conditions for Omega Deployable Booms. Proceedings of the AIAA SCITECH 2024 Forum, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2024-0849"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.06.053","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics of deployable composite thin-walled lenticular tubes","volume":"153","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04009","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202123304009","article-title":"Analysis of Buckling Characteristics and Parameter Influence of Composite Thin-walled Lenticular Boom Structures","volume":"233","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"E3s Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2021.106661","article-title":"Exploring the design space for nonlinear buckling of composite thin-walled lenticular tubes under pure bending","volume":"207","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-019-02429-x","article-title":"Coiling and deploying dynamic optimization of a C-cross section thin-walled composite deployable boom","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-018-2118-9","article-title":"Wrapping dynamic analysis and optimization of deployable composite triangular rollable and collapsible booms","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129659","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2934744","article-title":"Design of a new N-shape composite ultra-thin deployable boom in the post-buckling range using response surface method and optimization","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Fan, S., Wang, Y., and Shi, C. (2022). Novel four-cell lenticular honeycomb deployable boom with enhanced stiffness. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010306"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.26694","article-title":"Analysis and optimization of M-shaped boom based on response surface method","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115983","article-title":"Space deployable bistable composite structures with C-cross section based on machine learning and multi-objective optimization","volume":"297","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2018.01.035","article-title":"Design of ultra-thin shell structures in the stochastic post-buckling range using Bayesian machine learning and optimization","volume":"139","author":"Bessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114757","article-title":"Multi-objective optimisation designs for thin-walled deployable composite hinges using surrogate models and Genetic Algorithms","volume":"280","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5942","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J061668","article-title":"Surrogate modeling accelerated shape optimization of deployable composite tape-spring hinges","volume":"60","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2020.06.042","article-title":"Nonlinear elastic buckling of ultra-thin coilable booms","volume":"203","author":"Leclerc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111166","article-title":"Inducing bistability in collapsible tubular mast booms with thin-ply composite shells","volume":"225","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-5553(76)90154-3","article-title":"Uniformly distributed sequences with an additional uniform property","volume":"16","author":"Sobol","year":"1976","journal-title":"USSR Comput. Math. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.2000.10485979","article-title":"A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code","volume":"42","author":"McKay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2004.01.003","article-title":"Improved prediction of simultaneous local and overall buckling of stiffened panels","volume":"42","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2021.108330","article-title":"Buckling behaviors of thin-walled cylindrical shells under localized axial compression loads, Part 2: Numerical study","volume":"169","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2011.08.003","article-title":"Finite element modelling of cold-formed steel beams under local buckling or combined local\/distortional buckling","volume":"49","author":"Haidarali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2021.107922","article-title":"Elastic local buckling behaviour of beetle elytron plate","volume":"165","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.109534","article-title":"Elastic\u2013plastic buckling behaviour of beetle elytron plate with simple, fixed and flexible core supports","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Demuth, H.B., Beale, M.H., De Jess, O., and Hagan, M.T. (2014). Neural Network Design, PWS Publishing Co."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10033-z","article-title":"A review on weight initialization strategies for neural networks","volume":"55","author":"Narkhede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., and Ba, J. (2014). Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Agarap, A.F. (2018). Deep learning using rectified linear units (relu). arXiv."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, A., Spiller, D., and Laneve, G. (2023). Fuel Type Mapping Using a CNN-Based Remote Sensing Approach: A Case Study in Sardinia. Fire, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6100395"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1047045","article-title":"Spectral\u2013spatial classification of hyperspectral images using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"6","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., and Brox, T. (2015). U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. Proceedings of the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2015: 18th International Conference, Munich, Germany, 5\u20139 October 2015, Proceedings, Part III 18, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-3999-2018","article-title":"Challenges and design choices for global weather and climate models based on machine learning","volume":"11","author":"Dueben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"I","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Ashish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., and Devin, M. (2024, July 09). TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Systems, 2015. Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.tensorflow.org\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89497","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990567","article-title":"pymoo: Multi-Objective Optimization in Python","volume":"8","author":"Blank","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2022.2053766","article-title":"Folding behavior of the thin-walled lenticular deployable composite boom: Analytical analysis and many-objective optimization","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deb, K., Sindhya, K., and Okabe, T. (2007, January 7\u201311). Self-adaptive simulated binary crossover for real-parameter optimization. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/1276958.1277190"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobnikar, A., Steele, N.C., Pearson, D.W., Albrecht, R.F., Deb, K., and Agrawal, S. A niched-penalty approach for constraint handling in genetic algorithms. Proceedings of the Artificial Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms: Proceedings of the International Conference in Portoro\u017e, Slovenia, 1999.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6384-9"}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/8\/494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:36:33Z","timestamp":1760110593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/8\/494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics9080494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics9080494","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]}}}