{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T17:56:20Z","timestamp":1778954180667,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62276085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62276085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61906054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61906054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LR24F030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR24F030002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY21F030006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY21F030006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicle target tracking is a complex task that encounters challenges in scenarios involving limited computing resources, real-time requirements, and target confusion. This research builds on previous work and addresses challenges by proposing a grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm and designing a lightweight multi-target detection and positioning method, which integrates interference-sensing mechanisms and depth information. First, the grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm\u2019s rapid convergence advantage is combined with a secondary search and rollback mechanism, enhancing its search efficiency and ability to escape local extreme areas. Then, the You Only Look Once (version 8) model is employed for target detection, while corner detection, feature point extraction, and dictionary matching introduce a confusion-aware mechanism. This mechanism effectively distinguishes potentially confusing targets within the field of view, enhancing the system\u2019s robustness. Finally, the depth-based localization of the target is performed. To verify the performance of the proposed approach, a series of experiments were conducted on the grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm. Comparisons with four mainstream intelligent search algorithms are provided, with the results showing that the grid-based beetle antennae search algorithm excels in the number of iterations to convergence, path length, and convergence speed. When the algorithm faces non-local extreme-value-area environments, the speed is increased by more than 89%. In comparison with previous work, the algorithm speed is increased by more than 233%. Performance tests on the confusion-aware mechanism by using a self-made interference dataset demonstrate the model\u2019s high discriminative ability. The results also indicate that the model meets the real-time requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9090567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T08:12:27Z","timestamp":1726733547000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancing Target Tracking: A Novel Grid-Based Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm and Confusion-Aware Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chencong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dechao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., and Zhou, Y. 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