{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:45Z","timestamp":1760146485997,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars","award":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development of Zhejiang Province","award":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52222509","2018YFA0703300","52275284","2023C01009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nacre has excellent balanced strength and toughness. In this paper, the mechanical performance of the typical \u201cbrick-and-mortar\u201d structure, including the stress\u2013strain and strain at the interface as well as the stress in the bricks, was calculated by a simplified analytical model of the nacre. This paper proposes a new method to control the crack deflection based on the toughening mechanism of the nacre. The crack extension of the \u201cbrick-and-mortar\u201d structure was simulated using cohesive elements based on the traction\u2013separation law with elastic and softening stiffness as variables, and it was found that both stiffness could effectively control the crack extension. The strength and toughness of the models with different stiffness combinations were calculated and plotted as a function of elastic stiffness and softening stiffness, showing that elastic stiffness significantly affects strength and softening stiffness is a determinant of toughness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9110685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1731392912000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Effect of Soft\u2013Hard Material Interface Differences on Crack Deflection in Nacre-Inspired Brick-and-Mortar Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shichao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Uniview Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-7991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2001.0340","article-title":"Deformation mechanisms in nacre","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buerlein, E. (2007). Using ice to mimic nacre: From structural applications to artificial bone. Handbook of Biomineralization, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527619443"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.amb.2015.06.002","article-title":"The Pen Shell, Pinna Nobilis: A Review of Population Status and Recommended Research Priorities in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"71","author":"Basso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002","article-title":"Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties","volume":"53","author":"Meyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.04.047","article-title":"Effects of tablet waviness on the mechanical response of architected multilayered materials: Modeling and experiment","volume":"195","author":"Askarinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2024.118346","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation on crack propagation in biomimetic nacreous composites with gradient structures","volume":"345","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.12.008","article-title":"Influence of platelet aspect ratio on the mechanical behaviour of bio-inspired nanocomposites using molecular dynamics","volume":"59","author":"Mathiazhagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.10.112","article-title":"Fiber arrangement endow compression resistance of the mantis shrimp hammer-like appendage","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2024.108172","article-title":"The delamination performance of composite laminates with bionic high toughness regions","volume":"181","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.01.029","article-title":"A bio-inspired concept to improve crack resistance of gray cast iron","volume":"216","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingrole, A., Aguirre, T.G., Fuller, L., and Donahue, S.W. (2021). Bioinspired energy absorbing material designs using additive manufacturing. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 119.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104518"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901561","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901561","article-title":"Multiscale Toughening Mechanisms in Biological Materials and Bioinspired Designs","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.06.089","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of nacre-inspired zirconia\/polyimide multilayer coatings by a hybrid sputtering and pulsed laser deposition technique","volume":"284","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107761","article-title":"Particle-toughened interlayers enhance mechanical response of composite laminates","volume":"182","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/02670844.2017.1292705","article-title":"Nanowire-toughened CVD-SiC coating for C\/C composites with surface pre-oxidation","volume":"34","author":"Jing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070270503","article-title":"An Introduction to Biomimetics: A Structural Viewpoint","volume":"27","author":"Sarikaya","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2011.02.009","article-title":"Cohesive traction\u2013separation laws for tearing of ductile metal plates","volume":"48","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2009.06.006","article-title":"Micromechanical based derivation of traction-separation laws for cohesive model simulations","volume":"1","author":"Scheider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-006-7156-4","article-title":"Application of Fracture Mechanics Concepts to Hierarchical Biomechanics of Bone and Bone-like Materials","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Fract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00392-z","article-title":"Mass production of bulk artificial nacre with excellent mechanical properties","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/11\/685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:29:27Z","timestamp":1760113767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/11\/685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics9110685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics9110685","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-7673"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]}}}