{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:13:05Z","timestamp":1773389585677,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomimetics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The zygomatic bone, a fundamental structure in facial anatomy, is exposed to fractures in impact situations, such as traffic accidents or contact sports. The installation of zygomatic implants can also alter the distribution of forces in this region, increasing the risk of fractures. To evaluate this situation, the first step is to develop a complex anatomical model from the stomatognathic point of view so that simulations in this sense can be validated. This study uses numerical simulation using a finite-element method (FEM) to analyze the behavior of the zygomatic bone under impacts of different velocities, offering a more realistic approach than previous studies by including the mandible, cervical spine, and masticatory muscles. Methods: An FEM model was developed based on 3D scans of actual bones, and simulations were performed using Abaqus Explicit 2023 software (Dassault Systemes, V\u00e9lizy-Villacoublay, France). The impact was evaluated using a steel cylinder (200 mm length, 40 mm diameter, 2 kg weight) impacted at speeds of 5, 10, 15, and 20 km\/h. Zygomatic, maxillary, and mandibular bone properties were based on dynamic stiffness parameters, and bone damage was analyzed using ductile fracture and fracture energy criteria. Results: The results show that at impact velocities of 15 and 20 km\/h, the zygomatic bone suffered crush fractures, with impact forces up to 400 kg. At 10 km\/h, a combination of crushing and bending was observed, while at 5 km\/h, only local damage without complete fracture was detected. The maximum stresses were concentrated at the zygoma\u2013jaw junction, with values above 100 MPa at some critical points. Conclusion: The FEM model developed offers a detailed representation of the mechanical behavior, integrating the main structures of the stomatognathic apparatus of the zygomatic bone under impact, providing valuable information to, for example, advance injury prevention and zygomatic implant design. Higher impact velocities result in severe fractures, underscoring the need for protective measures in clinical and sports settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9110696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1731575671000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Study of the Impact on Zygomatic Bone Using Numerical Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Ruiz-de-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena S\/N, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Baus-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena S\/N, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena S\/N, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena S\/N, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eusebio","family":"Torres-Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro-Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICEMM S.L.U., Engineering Specialized in FEM and CFD Simulation, C\/las F\u00e1bricas, 28923 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Torres-Lagares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena S\/N, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Manuel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Ambrosiani-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yu, M., and Wang, S.M. (2024). Anatomy, Head and Neck, Zygomatic. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bergeron, J.M., and Raggio, B.S. (2024). Zygomatic Arch Fracture. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735812","article-title":"Contemporary Management of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2021.08.004","article-title":"Zygomaticomaxillary Fractures","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2011.09.004","article-title":"Transient finite element analysis of a traumatic fracture of the zygomatic bone caused by a head collision","volume":"41","author":"Schaller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.607444","article-title":"Interaction of microstructure and microcrack growth in cortical bone: A finite element study","volume":"16","author":"Mischinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23499","article-title":"Internal Bone Architecture in the Zygoma of Human and Pan","volume":"299","author":"Strait","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1533\/ijcr.2004.0309","article-title":"Finite element modelling of the human head-neck: Modal analysis and validation in the frequency domain","volume":"9","author":"Meyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Crashworthiness"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Misch, C.E. (2009). Contemporary Implant Dentistry, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misch, C.E. (2015). Implant-Supported Dental Prosthodontics, Mosby.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07845-0.00016-6"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658010-00015","article-title":"Aging of bone tissue: Mechanical properties","volume":"58","author":"Burstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199308000-00009","article-title":"Age-related changes in the tensile properties of cortical bone. The relative importance of changes in porosity, mineralization, and microstructure","volume":"75","author":"McCalden","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.06.008","article-title":"The influence of bone quality on the mechanical interaction between implant and bone is a finite element analysis","volume":"88","author":"Lynch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-015-0078-5","article-title":"Does facial soft tissue protect against zygomatic fractures? Results of a finite element analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bohne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13426","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13426","article-title":"Ultrasonographic analysis of facial skin thickness in relation to age, site, sex, and body mass index","volume":"29","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23331","article-title":"Regional thickness of facial skin and superficial fat: Application to the minimally invasive procedures","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blier, R., Monajati, L., Mehrabian, M., and Boukhili, R. (2024). Strength Optimisation of Hybrid Bolted\/Bonded Composite Joints Based on Finite Element Analysis. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17133354"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdero, R. (2017). Tension and compression testing of cortical bone. Experimental Methods in Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803802-4.02001-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.07.009","article-title":"Biomechanical effect of mineral heterogeneity in trabecular bone","volume":"41","author":"Renders","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1504\/IJDMB.2013.055494","article-title":"BoneNET: A network model of bone microstructure and dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Data Min. Bioinform."}],"container-title":["Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/11\/696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:32:01Z","timestamp":1760113921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-7673\/9\/11\/696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["biomimetics9110696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomimetics9110696","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-7673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-7673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]}}}