{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:59Z","timestamp":1787027699629,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["203\/PCEDEC\/6071289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203\/PCEDEC\/6071289"]}]},{"name":"Top Down Research University (RU) Grant Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"]}]},{"name":"Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HiCoE)","award":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-structural protein 1 (NS1 protein) is becoming a commonplace biomarker for the diagnostic of early detection of dengue. In this study, we sought to use a label-free approach of detecting NS1 protein by harnessing fluidic-based memristor sensor. The sensor was fabricated using sol-gel spin coating technique, by which TiO2 thin film is coated on the surface of Indium tin oxide (ITO) and a glass substrate. The sensor was then functionalized with glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTS), acting as antibody for NS1. The addition of the target NS1 formed an antibody-antigen complex which altered the physical and electrical properties in sensing region. Sensing of the sensor is incumbent upon the measurement of Off-On resistance ratio. Imaging with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) evinced the successful immobilization of the antibody and the subsequent capture of the NS1 protein by the immobilized antibody. The detection limit actualized by the developed sensor was 52 nM and the diameter of 2 mm gives the most optimal measurement. The developed sensor demonstrated an immense potential towards the development of label-free diagnostic of early dengue infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10100143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:56:48Z","timestamp":1602838608000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fabrication and Characterization of Simple Structure Fluidic-Based Memristor for Immunosensing of NS1 Protein Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5517-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Shahanim","family":"Mohamad Hadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11900, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 13500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6198-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asrulnizam Abd","family":"Manaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Faizal Abd","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11900, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 13500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7893-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Hawa","family":"Ngalim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical &amp; Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 13200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7652-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thean","family":"Hock Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical &amp; Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 13200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marimuthu","family":"Citartan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical &amp; Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 13200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziah","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1588-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukreen Hana","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Electronics Centre (NET), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1109\/TCT.1971.1083337","article-title":"Memristor-The missing circuit element","volume":"18","author":"Chua","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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