{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:34:01Z","timestamp":1776440041156,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ES0748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ES0748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of pathogens is a major public health issue. Every year, thousands of people die because of nosocomial infections. It is therefore important to be able to detect possible outbreaks as early as possible, especially in the hospital environment. Various pathogen detection techniques have already been demonstrated. However, most of them require expensive and specific equipment, and\/or complex protocols, which, most of the time, involve biochemical reaction and labelling steps. In this paper, a new method that combines microscopic imaging and machine learning is described. The main benefits of this approach are to be low-cost, label-free and easy to integrate in any suitable medical device, such as hand hygiene dispensers. The suitability of this pathogen detection method is validated using four bacteria, both in PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) and in isopropanol. In particular, we demonstrated an efficient pathogenic detection that is sensible to changes in the composition of a mixture of pathogens, even in alcohol-based solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T08:38:43Z","timestamp":1608712723000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Label-Free Optical Detection of Pathogens in Isopropanol as a First Step towards Real-Time Infection Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Claudinon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Steltenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Ophardt Hygiene-Technik GmbH + Co. KG, 47661 Issum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taras","family":"Sych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Verreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophardt Hygiene-Technik GmbH + Co. KG, 47661 Issum, Germany"},{"name":"Telecom Physique Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winfried","family":"R\u00f6mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9537-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"Madec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Telecom Physique Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"ICube Laboratory (UMR 7357), CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1077224","article-title":"Nosokomiale Infektionen in Deutschland: Wie viele gibt es wirklich?","volume":"133","author":"Gastmeier","year":"2008","journal-title":"DMW-Dtsch. 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