{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:46:11Z","timestamp":1791996371989,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), common in the general and patient population, are irregular heartbeats that indicate potential heart diseases. Clinically, long-term electrocardiograms (ECG) collected from the wearable device is a non-invasive and inexpensive tool widely used to diagnose PVCs by physicians. However, analyzing these long-term ECG is time-consuming and labor-intensive for cardiologists. Therefore, this paper proposed a simplistic but powerful approach to detect PVC from long-term ECG. The suggested method utilized deep metric learning to extract features, with compact intra-product variance and separated inter-product differences, from the heartbeat. Subsequently, the k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier calculated the distance between samples based on these features to detect PVC. Unlike previous systems used to detect PVC, the proposed process can intelligently and automatically extract features by supervised deep metric learning, which can avoid the bias caused by manual feature engineering. As a generally available set of standard test material, the MIT-BIH (Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Beth Israel Hospital) Arrhythmia Database is used to evaluate the proposed method, and the experiment takes 99.7% accuracy, 97.45% sensitivity, and 99.87% specificity. The simulation events show that it is reliable to use deep metric learning and KNN for PVC recognition. More importantly, the overall way does not rely on complicated and cumbersome preprocessing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11030069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T21:58:07Z","timestamp":1614895087000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Automatic Premature Ventricular Contraction Detection Using Deep Metric Learning and KNN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Junsheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerdt, P.M., and Dickstein, M.L. 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