{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:55:06Z","timestamp":1789188906339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011962","name":"Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["63205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020 and UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020 and UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human echinococcosis is a serious parasitic diseasethat still affects millions of people in many parts of the world. Since it can offer a critical threat to people\u2019s health, it is important to discover a rapid, convenient, and economical method for detection. Herein, we propose a novel point of care assay, namely, an enhanced immuno-dot-blot assay for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis). This method is based on the formation of a sandwich complex between a goldnanoprobe (chitosan\u2013gold nanoparticleprotein A) and hydatid cyst antigen (Ag B), which holds anti-Ag B antibodies. Briefly, protein A was conjugated to chitosan\u2013gold nanoparticles via glutaraldehyde chemistry. Then, Ag B was immobilized on the surface of a nitrocellulose membrane, which was followed by the addition of the sera sample and gold nanoprobes. The positive signals were easily detectable by naked eye. The signal intensity of this biosensor was proportional to the concentration of active anti-Echinococcus granulosus antibodies on the surface of the nanoparticles, titer of antibodies in the sera samples, and concentration of Ag B coated on the nitrocellulose membrane. The minimum concentration to use the protein A for conjugation to detect titer of anti-Echinococcus IgGand the concentration of Ag B coated in nitrocellulose membrane were 0.5 and 0.3 mg\/mL, respectively. This enhanced immuno-dot-blot assay offers a simple diagnostic technique withoutthe need for expensive equipment for diagnosis of echinococcosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11050134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T22:31:39Z","timestamp":1619389899000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Development of Optical Biosensor Using Protein A-Conjugated Chitosan\u2013Gold Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hanie","family":"Safarpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Majdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Masjedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdol Sattar","family":"Pagheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178-53577, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Rodrigues Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"HMRI and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance Translational Cancer Research Centres, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1202-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ahmadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14766, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, H., Vuitton, L., Tuxun, T., Li, J., Vuitton, D.A., Zhang, W., and McManus, D.P. 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