{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:56:14Z","timestamp":1778306174332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22004026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22004026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uric acid is an important indicator of the insect infestation assessment in flour. In this work, we propose a method for uric acid detection based on voltammetry. This technique is particularly considered for the physicochemical properties of flour and contains a simple pretreatment process to rapidly achieve extraction and adsorption of uric acid in flour. To achieve specific recognition of uric acid, graphene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were used for the adsorption and concentration of uric acid in flour. The adsorbed mixture was immobilized on the surface of a screen-printed electrode for highly sensitive detection of the uric acid. The results showed that electrocatalytic oxidation of uric acid could be achieved after adsorption by graphene and PEDOT. This electrocatalytic reaction allows its oxidation peak to be distinguished from those of other substances that commonly possess electrochemical activity. This voltammetry-based detection method is a portable and disposable analytical method. Because it is simple to operate, requires no professional training, and is inexpensive, it is a field analysis method that can be promoted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11090325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1631190037000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An Analytical Method Based on Electrochemical Sensor for the Assessment of Insect Infestation in Flour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5957-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1027-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Karimi-Maleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan 9477177870, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-8703.2004.00197.x","article-title":"Stored-product insects in a flour mill: Population dynamics and response to fumigation treatments","volume":"112","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"\u00c8ntomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"Detection of insect fragments in wheat flour by near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"39","author":"Throne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126738","article-title":"Effect of superheated steam treatment on quality characteristics of whole wheat flour and storage stability of semi-dried whole wheat noodle","volume":"322","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2020.101611","article-title":"Stored Grain Pest Prevalence and Insec-ticide Resistance in Egyptian Populations of the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst) and the Rice Weevil Sitophilus Oryzae (L.)","volume":"87","author":"Attia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"223","article-title":"Influence of Packaging Materials on Infestation by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in Wheat Flour","volume":"91","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Kans. \u00c8ntomol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Zhou, Z., Li, K., Jamir, S.M., and Luo, X. (2017). Recognition of the Duration and Prediction of Insect Prevalence of Stored Rough Rice Infested by the Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) Using an Electronic Nose. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040688"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerken, A.R., and Campbell, J.F. (2020). Oviposition and Development of Tribolium Castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on Different Types of Flour. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10101593"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-020-01228-4","article-title":"Are insect meals prone to insect infestation during storage? Development of major storage insects on substrates based on Tenebrio molitor larvae meal","volume":"93","author":"Rumbos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2174\/1874070701812010104","article-title":"Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods","volume":"12","author":"Elbadawy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01756.x","article-title":"Whitefly infestation of pepper plants elicits defence responses against bacterial pathogens in leaves and roots and changes the below-ground microflora","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2016.08.004","article-title":"Efficacy of metal silos and hermetic bags against stored-maize insect pests under simulated smallholder farmer conditions","volume":"69","author":"Chigoverah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2016.11.003","article-title":"Field evaluation of the long-lasting treated storage bag, deltamethrin incorporated, (ZeroFly\u00ae Storage Bag) as a barrier to insect pest infestation","volume":"70","author":"Paudyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2018.02.002","article-title":"Comparative effects of hermetic and traditional storage devices on maize grain: Mycotoxin development, insect infestation and grain quality","volume":"77","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-017-0272-3","article-title":"Aflatoxins, discolouration and insect damage in dried cowpea and pigeon pea in Malawi and the effectiveness of flotation\/washing operation in eliminating the aflatoxins","volume":"33","author":"Matumba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2021.101774","article-title":"Effect of cold plasma on insect infestation and keeping quality of stored wheat flour","volume":"92","author":"Sutar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.10.049","article-title":"Determination of insect infestation on stored rice by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy","volume":"145","author":"Biancolillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-017-1094-9","article-title":"Rapid Assessment of Quality Change and Insect Infestation in Stored Wheat Grain Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-017-0841-4","article-title":"Dactylopius opuntiae: Control by the Fusarium incarnatum\u2013equiseti species complex and confirmation of mortality by DNA fingerprinting","volume":"90","author":"Tiago","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744-020-00845-z","article-title":"Helicoverpa armigera Harm 1 Haplotype Predominates in the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Complex Infesting Tomato Crops in Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Fonseca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neotrop. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mezei, P., Potterf, M., \u0160kvarenina, J., Rasmussen, J.G., and .Jaku\u0161, R. (2019). Potential solar radiation as a driver for bark beetle infestation on a landscape scale. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10070604"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.076","article-title":"Fuzzy controller based E-nose classification of Sitophilus oryzae infestation in stored rice grain","volume":"283","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.07.008","article-title":"Techniques for insect detection in stored food grains: An overview","volume":"94","author":"Banga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY01921E","article-title":"Sensor array optimization and determination of Rhyzopertha dominica infestation in wheat using hybrid neuro-fuzzy-assisted electronic nose analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/17.3.158","article-title":"A Simplified Alkaline Phosphotungstate Assay for Uric Acid in Serum","volume":"17","author":"Carroll","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3299-7","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor based on a nanocomposite prepared from TmPO4 and graphene oxide for simultaneous voltammetric detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid","volume":"186","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.09.106","article-title":"MoS2 based ultra-low-cost, flexible, non-enzymatic and non-invasive electrochemical sensor for highly selective detection of Uric acid in human urine samples","volume":"279","author":"Sha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.03.096","article-title":"A novel electrochemical sensor based on carbon nanotubes array for selective detection of dopamine or uric acid","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201200206","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted In Situ Synthesis of Graphene\/PEDOT Hybrid and Its Application in Supercapacitors","volume":"78","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00092","article-title":"Electrochemical Sex Determination of Dioecious Plants Using Polydopamine-Functionalized Graphene Sheets","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.12.058","article-title":"Defects regulating of graphene ink for electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid","volume":"180","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.01.147","article-title":"Rapid electroanalysis of uric acid and ascorbic acid using a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-modified sensor with application to milk","volume":"265","author":"Motshakeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, L., Xie, K., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., and Su, W. (2018). Graphene Ink Film Based Electrochemical Detector for Paracetamol Analysis. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7020015"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104745","article-title":"Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Deter-mination of Adenosine, Adenine and Uric Acid in Whole Blood and Urine","volume":"155","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brainina, K.Z., Bukharinova, M.A., Stozhko, N.Y., Sokolkov, S.V., Tarasov, A.V., and Vidrevich, M.B. (2020). Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Carbon Veil Modified by Phytosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles for Determination of Ascorbic Acid. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061800"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.01.092","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO nanorods-Au nanoparticles hybrids via in-situ plasma sputtering-assisted method for simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid and uric acid","volume":"666","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.01.037","article-title":"CTAB functionalized graphene oxide\/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and nitrite","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.030","article-title":"EIF3D promotes sunitinib resistance of renal cell carcinoma by interacting with GRP78 and inhibiting its degradation","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA09511F","article-title":"Electrochemical sensor based on a three dimensional nanostructured MoS2 nanosphere-PANI\/reduced graphene oxide composite for simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.074","article-title":"Layer-by-layer electrochemical biosensors configuring xanthine oxidase and carbon nanotubes\/graphene complexes for hypoxanthine and uric acid in human serum solutions","volume":"121","author":"Si","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.03.034","article-title":"An electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and tryptophan based on MWNTs bridged mesocellular graphene foam nanocomposite","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/11\/9\/325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:59:17Z","timestamp":1760165957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/11\/9\/325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["bios11090325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios11090325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}}}