{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:53:42Z","timestamp":1780588422583,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190392ER"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190392ER"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190614PRD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190614PRD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Technology Evaluation and Demonstration Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Technology Evaluation and Demonstration Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detection methods that do not require nucleic acid amplification are advantageous for viral diagnostics due to their rapid results. These platforms could provide information for both accurate diagnoses and pandemic surveillance. Influenza virus is prone to pandemic-inducing genetic mutations, so there is a need to apply these detection platforms to influenza diagnostics. Here, we analyzed the Fast Evaluation of Viral Emerging Risks (FEVER) pipeline on ultrasensitive detection platforms, including a waveguide-based optical biosensor and a flow cytometry bead-based assay. The pipeline was also evaluated in silico for sequence coverage in comparison to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s (CDC) influenza A and B diagnostic assays. The influenza FEVER probe design had a higher tolerance for mismatched bases than the CDC\u2019s probes, and the FEVER probes altogether had a higher detection rate for influenza isolate sequences from GenBank. When formatted for use as molecular beacons, the FEVER probes detected influenza RNA as low as 50 nM on the waveguide-based optical biosensor and 1 nM on the flow cytometer. In addition to molecular beacons, which have an inherently high background signal we also developed an exonuclease selection method that could detect 500 pM of RNA. The combination of high-coverage probes developed using the FEVER pipeline coupled with ultrasensitive optical biosensors is a promising approach for future influenza diagnostic and biosurveillance applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11100367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optical Biosensor Platforms Display Varying Sensitivity for the Direct Detection of Influenza RNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Courtney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Stromberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3457-1632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e1n","family":"Myers y Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4102-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1715-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loreen","family":"Stromberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7832-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiersten","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1888-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Theiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Data Science and Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Gans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Yusim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Kubicek-Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018, February 08). Influenza (Seasonal). Available online: www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs211\/en."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12613","article-title":"A newly developed tetraplex real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous screening of influenza virus types A, B, C and D","volume":"13","author":"Henritzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z","article-title":"Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.11.1333","article-title":"Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"292","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"385","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.02.015","article-title":"H5N1 receptor specificity as a factor in pandemic risk","volume":"178","author":"Paulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.049","article-title":"Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: From exposure to establishment in humans","volume":"30","author":"Reperant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney, S.J., Stromberg, Z.R., and Kubicek-Sutherland, J.Z. (2021). Nucleic Acid-Based Sensing Techniques for Diagnostics and Surveillance of Influenza. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11020047"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maignan, M., Viglino, D., Hablot, M., Termoz Masson, N., Lebeugle, A., Collomb Muret, R., Mabiala Makele, P., Guglielmetti, V., Morand, P., and Lupo, J. (2019). Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid RT-PCR assay for point-of-care detection of influenza A\/B virus at emergency department admission: A prospective evaluation during the 2017\/2018 influenza season. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216308"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vemula, S.V., Zhao, J., Liu, J., Wang, X., Biswas, S., and Hewlett, I. (2016). Current Approaches for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infections in Humans. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8040096"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, September 01). Information on Rapid Molecular Assays, RT-PCR, and other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/professionals\/diagnosis\/molecular-assays.htm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullis, K.B., Ferre, F., and Gibbs, R.A. (1994). The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Birkh\u00e4user Basel. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0257-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.10.017","article-title":"Broadly targeted triplex real-time PCR detection of influenza A, B and C viruses based on the nucleoprotein gene and a novel \u201cMegaBeacon\u201d probe strategy","volume":"163","author":"Muradrasoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5410","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00810","article-title":"Recognition of dual targets by a molecular beacon-based sensor: Subtyping of influenza A virus","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.020","article-title":"An ultrasensitive alloyed near-infrared quinternary quantum dot-molecular beacon nanodiagnostic bioprobe for influenza virus RNA","volume":"80","author":"Adegoke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an00830d","article-title":"Protein-binding aptamer assisted signal amplification for the detection of influenza A (H1N1) DNA sequences based on quantum dot fluorescence polarization analysis","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physe.2017.05.019","article-title":"Detection of influenza A virus using carbon nanotubes field effect transistor based DNA sensor","volume":"93","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1039\/c000532k","article-title":"Impedimetric detection of influenza A (H1N1) DNA sequence using carbon nanotubes platform and gold nanoparticles amplification","volume":"135","author":"Bonanni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.08.002","article-title":"DNA sensor development based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes for label-free influenza virus (type A) detection","volume":"350","author":"Tam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalklen, T., Jing, Q., and Kar-Narayan, S. (2020). Biosensors Based on Mechanical and Electrical Detection Techniques. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195605"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, Q., Yuan, N., and Zhang, W. (2019). Review of Electrochemical DNA Biosensors for Detecting Food Borne Pathogens. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224916"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubicek-Sutherland, J.Z., Vu, D.M., Mendez, H.M., Jakhar, S., and Mukundan, H. (2017). Detection of Lipid and Amphiphilic Biomarkers for Disease Diagnostics. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7030025"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.073","article-title":"Planar optical waveguide-based biosensor for the quantitative detection of tumor markers","volume":"138","author":"Mukundan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gni015","article-title":"A molecular beacon, bead-based assay for the detection of nucleic acids by flow cytometry","volume":"33","author":"Horejsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.001717","article-title":"High sensitivity and label-free oligonucleotides detection using photonic bandgap sensing structures biofunctionalized with molecular beacon probes","volume":"9","author":"Banuls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-019-3252-9","article-title":"Molecular beacon immobilized on graphene oxide for enzyme-free signal amplification in electrochemiluminescent determination of microRNA","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-012-0209-7","article-title":"Molecular beacons: A novel optical diagnostic tool","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa710","article-title":"A public website for the automated assessment and validation of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic PCR assays","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2003.08.005","article-title":"Genotyping with TaqMAMA","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42502-5","article-title":"Direct detection of bacteremia by exploiting host-pathogen interactions of lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"9","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901497g","article-title":"Quantitative multiplex detection of pathogen biomarkers on multichannel waveguides","volume":"82","author":"Mukundan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attwood, S.J., Choi, Y., and Leonenko, Z. (2013). Preparation of DOPC and DPPC Supported Planar Lipid Bilayers for Atomic Force Microscopy and Atomic Force Spectroscopy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14023514"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1039\/b502329g","article-title":"Pathogen detection using single mode planar optical waveguides","volume":"15","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2012.05.009","article-title":"Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis biomarkers in a sandwich immunoassay format using a waveguide-based optical biosensor","volume":"92","author":"Mukundan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakhar, S., Sakamuri, R., Vu, D., Dighe, P., Stromberg, L.R., Lilley, L., Hengartner, N., Swanson, B.I., Moreau, E., and Dorman, S.E. (2021). Interaction of amphiphilic lipoarabinomannan with host carrier lipoproteins in tuberculosis patients: Implications for blood-based diagnostics. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243337"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.33.457","article-title":"Detection of Lipomannan in Cattle Infected with Bovine Tuberculosis","volume":"33","author":"Vu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8169","DOI":"10.1021\/ja800842v","article-title":"Detection of intact influenza viruses using biotinylated biantennary S-sialosides","volume":"130","author":"Kale","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800283e","article-title":"Optimizing a waveguide-based sandwich immunoassay for tumor biomarkers: Evaluating fluorescent labels and functional surfaces","volume":"20","author":"Mukundan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01691-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01691-17","article-title":"Parallel validation of three molecular devices for simultaneous detection and identification of influenza A and B and respiratory syncytial viruses","volume":"56","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2020.100007","article-title":"Biosensors for the detection of respiratory viruses: A review","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84353-z","article-title":"A centrifugal microfluidic cross-flow filtration platform to separate serum from whole blood for the detection of amphiphilic biomarkers","volume":"11","author":"Lenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20193852","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20193852","article-title":"Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: A review","volume":"40","author":"Dalal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stromberg, Z.R., Theiler, J., Foley, B.T., Myers y Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Hollander, A., Courtney, S.J., Gans, J., Deshpande, A., Martinez-Finley, E.J., and Mitchell, J. (2021). Fast Evaluation of Viral Emerging Risks (FEVER): A computational tool for biosurveillance, diagnostics, and mutation typing of emerging viral pathogens. MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.25.21257811"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006","article-title":"Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses","volume":"80","author":"Nobusawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03060-15","article-title":"Unbiased detection of respiratory viruses by use of RNA sequencing-based metagenomics: A systematic comparison to a commercial PCR panel","volume":"54","author":"Graf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80407-8","article-title":"Transport effects on the kinetics of protein-surface binding","volume":"68","author":"Balgi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"435","article-title":"Use of Flow Cytometry in Clinical Practice","volume":"6","author":"Betters","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1290017","article-title":"Translational Applications of Flow Cytometry in Clinical Practice","volume":"188","author":"Jaye","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00521","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Fabrication by Coupling an Integral Multifunctional Zirconia-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Thionine Nanocomposite and Exonuclease I-Assisted Cleavage","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110417","article-title":"Exonuclease I-assisted fluorescence aptasensor for tetrodotoxin","volume":"194","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.099","article-title":"Label-free fluorescent aptasensor for thrombin detection based on exonuclease I assisted target recycling and SYBR Green I aided signal amplification","volume":"265","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15010001","article-title":"Upgrading SELEX technology by using lambda exonuclease digestion for single-stranded DNA generation","volume":"15","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12686","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c03086","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Homogeneous Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor for a Transcription Factor Based on Target-Modulated Proximity Hybridization and Exonuclease III-Powered Recycling Amplification","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2020.117469","article-title":"RecJf exonuclease-assisted fluorescent self-assembly aptasensor for supersensitive detection of pesticides in food","volume":"226","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AN01805G","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and simple fluorescence biosensor for detection of the mecA gene of Staphylococcus aureus by using an exonuclease III-assisted cascade signal amplification strategy","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c03073","article-title":"Construction of an Exonuclease III-Propelled Integrated DNAzyme Amplifier for Highly Efficient microRNA Detection and Intracellular Imaging with Ultralow Background","volume":"92","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.19P422","article-title":"Detection of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Status via a DNA Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Lambda Exonuclease-assisted Signal Amplification","volume":"36","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/11\/10\/367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:08:19Z","timestamp":1760166499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/11\/10\/367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bios11100367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios11100367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}