{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:05:19Z","timestamp":1788519919835,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ex 60%"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex 60%"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Levetiracetam (LEV) is a broad-spectrum and widely used antiepileptic drug that also has neuroprotective effects in different neurological conditions. Given its complex interaction with neuronal physiology, a better comprehension of LEV effects on neurons activity is needed. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) represent an advanced technology for the non-invasive study of electrophysiological activity of neuronal cell cultures. In this study, we exploited the Maestro Edge MEA system, a platform that allows a deep analysis of the electrical network behavior, to study the electrophysiological effect of LEV on a mixed population of human neurons (glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons, and astrocytes). We found that LEV significantly affected different variables such as spiking, single-electrode bursting, and network bursting activity, with a pronounced effect after 15 min. Moreover, neuronal cell culture completely rescued its baseline activity after 24 h without LEV. In summary, MEA technology confirmed its high sensitivity in detecting drug-induced electrophysiological modifications. Moreover, our results allow one to extend the knowledge on the electrophysiological effects of LEV on the complex neuronal population that resembles the human cortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11110450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T08:10:22Z","timestamp":1636704622000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Real-Time Monitoring of Levetiracetam Effect on the Electrophysiology of an Heterogenous Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Cell Culture Using Microelectrode Array Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8388-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Credico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8761-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Gaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6944-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Izzicupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2105-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bonanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Iannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4473-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Di Baldassarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Ghinassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00389","article-title":"Levetiracetam Affects Differentially Presynaptic Proteins in Rat Cerebral Cortex","volume":"11","author":"Marcotulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Maini, K., and Kadian, R. (2021). Levetiracetam. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00011","article-title":"Mechanisms of Levetiracetam in the Control of Status Epilepticus and Epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Deshpande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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