{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:59:38Z","timestamp":1787590778893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2636-E-006-021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2636-E-006-021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2321-B-010-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2321-B-010-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2314-B-303-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-303-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2221-E-010-004-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2221-E-010-004-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective bilateral hand training is desired in rehabilitation programs to restore hand function for people with unilateral hemiplegia, so that they can perform daily activities independently. However, owing to limited human resources, the hand function training available in current clinical settings is significantly less than the adequate amount needed to drive optimal neural reorganization. In this study, we designed a lightweight and portable hand exoskeleton with a hand-sensing glove for bilateral hand training and home-based rehabilitation. The hand-sensing glove measures the hand movement of the less-affected hand using a flex sensor. Thereafter, the affected hand is driven by the hand exoskeleton using the measured hand movements. Compared with the existing hand exoskeletons, our hand exoskeleton improves the flexible mechanism for the back of the hand for better wearing experience and the thumb mechanism to make the pinch gesture possible. We designed a virtual reality game to increase the willingness of repeated movement practice for rehabilitation. Our system not only facilitates bilateral hand training but also assists in activities of daily living. This system could be beneficial for patients with hemiplegia for starting correct and sufficient hand function training in the early stages to optimize their recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11120495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T20:59:33Z","timestamp":1638737973000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["An Instrumented Glove-Controlled Portable Hand-Exoskeleton for Bilateral Hand Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5893-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Hung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Lin","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Chuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hao","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-De","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Kuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chun","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan-Tze","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Hung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6470, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You-Yin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(05)70003-9","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy following stroke: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"51","author":"Hakkennes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. 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