{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:17:56Z","timestamp":1788405476255,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R56AI138659-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R56AI138659-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of point-of-care, cost-effective, and easy-to-use assays for the accurate counting of CD4+ T cells remains an important focus for HIV-1 disease management. The CD4+ T cell count provides an indication regarding the overall success of HIV-1 treatments. The CD4+ T count information is equally important for both resource-constrained regions and areas with extensive resources. Hospitals and other allied facilities may be overwhelmed by epidemics or other disasters. An assay for a physician\u2019s office or other home-based setting is becoming increasingly popular. We have developed a technology for the rapid quantification of CD4+ T cells. A double antibody selection process, utilizing anti-CD4 and anti-CD3 antibodies, is tested and provides a high specificity. The assay utilizes a microfluidic chip coated with the anti-CD3 antibody, having an improved antibody avidity. As a result of enhanced binding, a higher flow rate can be applied that enables an improved channel washing to reduce non-specific bindings. A wide-field optical imaging system is also developed that provides the rapid quantification of cells. The designed optical setup is portable and low-cost. An ImageJ-based program is developed for the automatic counting of CD4+ T cells. We have successfully isolated and counted CD4+ T cells with high specificity and efficiency greater than 90%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of a Microfluidic Device for CD4+ T Cell Isolation and Automated Enumeration from Whole Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Fennell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazhar","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waseem","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Courtesy Appointment), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.187468","article-title":"A guide to aid the selection of diagnostic tests","volume":"95","author":"Kosack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. 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