{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1777628250731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["446507449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["446507449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Utilizing an appropriate enzyme immobilization strategy is crucial for designing enzyme-based biosensors. Plant virus-like particles represent ideal nanoscaffolds for an extremely dense and precise immobilization of enzymes, due to their regular shape, high surface-to-volume ratio and high density of surface binding sites. In the present work, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles were applied for the co-immobilization of penicillinase and urease onto the gate surface of a field-effect electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) with a p-Si-SiO2-Ta2O5 layer structure for the sequential detection of penicillin and urea. The TMV-assisted bi-enzyme EISCAP biosensor exhibited a high urea and penicillin sensitivity of 54 and 85 mV\/dec, respectively, in the concentration range of 0.1\u20133 mM. For comparison, the characteristics of single-enzyme EISCAP biosensors modified with TMV particles immobilized with either penicillinase or urease were also investigated. The surface morphology of the TMV-modified Ta2O5-gate was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the bi-enzyme EISCAP was applied to mimic an XOR (Exclusive OR) enzyme logic gate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T12:34:04Z","timestamp":1642163644000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Towards Multi-Analyte Detection with Field-Effect Capacitors Modified with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Bioparticles as Enzyme Nanocarriers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Welden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arshak","family":"Poghossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroNanoBio, 40479 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farnoosh","family":"Vahidpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Wendlandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keusgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Wege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sch\u00f6ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100811","article-title":"Recent progress in silicon-based biologically sensitive field-effect devices","volume":"29","author":"Poghossian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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