{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1790611916515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R01 HL137734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 HL137734"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1522087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1522087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We have developed a peak detection algorithm for accurate determination of heart rate, using photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals from a smartwatch, even in the presence of various cardiac rhythms, including normal sinus rhythm (NSR), premature atrial contraction (PAC), premature ventricle contraction (PVC), and atrial fibrillation (AF). Given the clinical need for accurate heart rate estimation in patients with AF, we developed a novel approach that reduces heart rate estimation errors when compared to peak detection algorithms designed for NSR. Methods: Our peak detection method is composed of a sequential series of algorithms that are combined to discriminate the various arrhythmias described above. Moreover, a novel Poincar\u00e9 plot scheme is used to discriminate between basal heart rate AF and rapid ventricular response (RVR) AF, and to differentiate PAC\/PVC from NSR and AF. Training of the algorithm was performed only with Samsung Simband smartwatch data, whereas independent testing data which had more samples than did the training data were obtained from Samsung\u2019s Gear S3 and Galaxy Watch 3. Results: The new PPG peak detection algorithm provides significantly lower average heart rate and interbeat interval beat-to-beat estimation errors\u201430% and 66% lower\u2014and mean heart rate and mean interbeat interval estimation errors\u201460% and 77% lower\u2014when compared to the best of the seven other traditional peak detection algorithms that are known to be accurate for NSR. Our new PPG peak detection algorithm was the overall best performers for other arrhythmias. Conclusion: The proposed method for PPG peak detection automatically detects and discriminates between various arrhythmias among different waveforms of PPG data, delivers significantly lower heart rate estimation errors for participants with AF, and reduces the number of false negative peaks. Significance: By enabling accurate determination of heart rate despite the presence of AF with rapid ventricular response or PAC\/PVCs, we enable clinicians to make more accurate recommendations for heart rate control from PPG data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T23:02:06Z","timestamp":1643497326000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A Real-Time PPG Peak Detection Method for Accurate Determination of Heart Rate during Sinus Rhythm and Cardiac Arrhythmia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7872-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Khairul","family":"Bashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSICoS Group, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6653-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Mohagheghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4933-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Peitzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8958-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishat","family":"Nishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6904-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily L.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"DiMezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cody","family":"Whitcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0229-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Fitzgibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David D.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4422-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki H.","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgendi, M., Norton, I., Brearley, M., Abbott, D., and Schuurmans, D. 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