{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1777893744924,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013348","name":"Innosuisse - Swiss Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INNOSUISSE BRIDGE DISCOVERY 40B2-0_181013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INNOSUISSE BRIDGE DISCOVERY 40B2-0_181013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, 70 million people are annually affected by TBI. A significant proportion of all TBI cases are actually mild TBI (concussion, 70\u201385%), which is considerably more difficult to diagnose due to the absence of apparent symptoms. Current clinical practice of diagnosing mTBI largely resides on the patients\u2019 history, clinical aspects, and CT and MRI neuroimaging observations. The latter methods are costly, time-consuming, and not amenable for decentralized or accident site measurements. As an alternative (and\/or complementary), mTBI diagnostics can be performed by detection of mTBI biomarkers from patients\u2019 blood. Herein, we proposed two strategies for the detection of three mTBI-relevant biomarkers (GFAP, h-FABP, and S100\u03b2), in standard solutions and in human serum samples by using an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay on (i) a commercial ECL platform in 96-well plate format, and (ii) a \u201cPOC-friendly\u201d platform with disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and a portable ECL reader. We further demonstrated a proof-of-concept for integrating three individually developed mTBI assays (\u201csingleplex\u201d) into a three-plex (\u201cmultiplex\u201d) assay on a single SPCE using a spatially resolved ECL approach. The presented methodology demonstrates feasibility and a first step towards the development of a rapid POC multiplex diagnostic system for the detection of a mTBI biomarker panel on a single SPCE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12030172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T12:58:36Z","timestamp":1647003516000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Jovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), 1950 Sion, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2676-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Prim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), 1950 Sion, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edis","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), 1950 Sion, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc Emil","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), 1950 Sion, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Traumatic Brain Injury (2020, September 24). 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