{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:20:09Z","timestamp":1790094009306,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFE0113800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0113800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62071241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20190014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is one of the common ventricular arrhythmias, which may cause stroke or sudden cardiac death. Automatic long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis algorithms could provide diagnosis suggestion and even early warning for physicians. However, they are mutually exclusive in terms of robustness, generalization and low complexity. In this study, a novel PVC recognition algorithm that combines deep learning-based heartbeat template clusterer and expert system-based heartbeat classifier is proposed. A long short-term memory-based auto-encoder (LSTM-AE) network was used to extract features from ECG heartbeats for K-means clustering. Thus, the templates were constructed and determined based on clustering results. Finally, the PVC heartbeats were recognized based on a combination of multiple rules, including template matching and rhythm characteristics. Three quantitative parameters, sensitivity (Se), positive predictive value (P+) and accuracy (ACC), were used to evaluate the performances of the proposed method on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database and the St. Petersburg Institute of Cardiological Technics database. Se on the two test databases was 87.51% and 87.92%, respectively; P+ was 92.47% and 93.18%, respectively; and ACC was 98.63% and 97.89%, respectively. The PVC scores on the third China Physiological Signal Challenge 2020 training set and hidden test set were 36,256 and 46,706, respectively, which could rank first in the open-source codes. The results showed that the combination strategy of expert system and deep learning can provide new insights for robust and generalized PVC identification from long-term single-lead ECG recordings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12040185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T14:55:35Z","timestamp":1647960935000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Robust PVC Identification by Fusing Expert System and Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3653-6838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yantao","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 714009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 714009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.09.009","article-title":"Arrhythmia detection using deep convolutional neural network with long duration ECG signals","volume":"102","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. 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