{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:37:44Z","timestamp":1790771864411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-MIP-20-45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-MIP-20-45"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enzymatic biosensors based on glucose oxidase has been proven to be one of the effective strategies for the detection of glucose and contributed to health improvements. Therefore, research and debates to date are ongoing in an attempt to find the most effective way to detect this analyte using this enzyme as the recognition center. The 3rd generation biosensors using direct electron transfer (DET) type enzymes are a great way towards practical devices. In this work, we developed a simple method for the functionalization of glucose oxidase with redoxable ferrocene groups in chloroform. The enzyme retained its activity after storage in this organic solvent and after the functionalization procedures. This enzyme functionalization strategy was employed to develop the biosensing monolayer-based platforms for the detection of glucose utilizing the quasi-DET mechanism. As a result of an electrochemical regeneration of the catalytic center, the formation of harmful H2O2 is minimized during enzymatic electrocatalysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12050335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Functionalization of Glucose Oxidase in Organic Solvent: Towards Direct Electrical Communication across Enzyme-Electrode Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vygail\u0117","family":"Dudkait\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Supramolecular Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio Av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gintautas","family":"Bagd\u017ei\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Supramolecular Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio Av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saul\u0117tekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7671","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00304B","article-title":"Electrochemical Glucose Sensors in Diabetes Management: An Updated Review (2010\u20132020)","volume":"49","author":"Teymourian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-01-2019-0017","article-title":"Glucose Oxidase-Based Biosensor for Glucose Detection from Biological Fluids","volume":"40","author":"Mandpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.06.021","article-title":"There Is No Evidence to Support Literature Claims of Direct Electron Transfer (DET) for Native Glucose Oxidase (GOx) at Carbon Nanotubes or Graphene","volume":"819","author":"Bartlett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.04.083","article-title":"Native Glucose Oxidase Does Not Undergo Direct Electron Transfer","volume":"82","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP07233G","article-title":"Towards Direct Enzyme Wiring: A Theoretical Investigation of Charge Carrier Transfer Mechanisms between Glucose Oxidase and Organic Semiconductors","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b00403","article-title":"Evidence of a Thermodynamic Ramp for Hole Hopping to Protect a Redox Enzyme from Oxidative Damage","volume":"10","author":"Daidone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.11.053","article-title":"Insights into a Hole Transfer Mechanism between Glucose Oxidase and a P-Type Organic Semiconductor","volume":"102","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B316","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0291906jes","article-title":"Organic Semiconductors with Carbazole and Triphenylamine Moieties for Glucose Oxidase-Based Biosensors","volume":"166","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagd\u017ei\u016bnas, G., and Palinauskas, D. (2020). Poly(9H-Carbazole) as a Organic Semiconductor for Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors. Biosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10090104"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.01.012","article-title":"Review on Synthesis of Ferrocene-Based Redox Polymers and Derivatives and Their Application in Glucose Sensing","volume":"876","author":"Saleem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13757","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202012034","article-title":"Contemporary Approaches for Site-Selective Dual Functionalization of Proteins","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, N., Lee, J., Loew, N., Takahashi-Inose, Y., Okuda-Shimazaki, J., Kojima, K., Mori, K., Tsugawa, W., and Sode, K. (2020). Engineered Glucose Oxidase Capable of Quasi-Direct Electron Transfer after a Quick-and-Easy Modification with a Mediator. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031137"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2018.02.001","article-title":"Development of a Glucose Sensor Employing Quick and Easy Modification Method with Mediator for Altering Electron Acceptor Preference","volume":"121","author":"Hatada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00191D","article-title":"GOX-Hemin Nanogels with Enhanced Cascade Activity for Sensitive One-Step Glucose Detection","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(91)80009-O","article-title":"Enzyme Electrode Studies of Glucose Oxidase Modified with a Redox Mediator","volume":"38","author":"Bartlett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140081207","article-title":"Renewable, Reagentless Glucose Sensor Based on a Redox Modified Enzyme and Carbon-Silica Composite","volume":"8","author":"Sampath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00216a040","article-title":"Direct Electrical Communication between Chemically Modified Enzymes and Metal Electrodes. 2. Methods for Bonding Electron-Transfer Relays to Glucose Oxidase and D-Amino-Acid Oxidase","volume":"110","author":"Degani","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ00660E","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Ferrocene\u2013Oxime Ether Benzyl 1H-1,2,3-Triazole Hybrids","volume":"43","author":"Swetha","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/10409237409105445","article-title":"Aromatic Contributions To Circular Dichroism Spectra Of Protein","volume":"2","author":"Strickland","year":"1974","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pignataro, M.F., Herrera, M.G., and Dodero, V.I. (2020). Evaluation of Peptide\/Protein Self-Assembly and Aggregation by Spectroscopic Methods. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204854"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Tang, J., Tanner, D., Ulstrup, J., and Xiao, X. (2020). Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10121458"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444999003431","article-title":"1.8 and 1.9 \u00c5 Resolution Structures of the Penicillium Amagasakiense and Aspergillus Niger Glucose Oxidases as a Basis for Modelling Substrate Complexes","volume":"55","author":"Wohlfahrt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200900644","article-title":"Construction of a Novel Glucose Biosensor Based on Covalent Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate-Co-Vinylferrocene)","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2009.11.001","article-title":"Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Reagentless Ferrocene-Containing Polythiophene Derivative and Its Glucose Sensing Application","volume":"639","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.07.068","article-title":"Electrochemical Study of Mono-6-Thio-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin\/Ferrocene Capped on Gold Nanoparticles: Characterization and Application to the Design of Glucose Amperometric Biosensor","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.113495","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles Decorated on Single Layer Graphene Applied for Electrochemical Ultrasensitive Glucose Biosensor","volume":"855","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/5\/335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:10:27Z","timestamp":1760137827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/5\/335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12050335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12050335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]}}}