{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T14:56:00Z","timestamp":1785336960098,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of scientific research at King Khalid University","award":["PNURSP2022R186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R186"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2022R186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R186"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breath sensor technology can be used in medical diagnostics. This study aimed to build a device to measure the level of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, acetone and alcohol in exhaled breath of patients as well as healthy individuals. The purpose was to determine the efficacy of these gases for detection of obstructive lung disease. This study was conducted on a total of 105 subjects, where 60 subjects were patients of obstructive lung disease and 45 subjects were healthy individuals. Patients were screened by means of the Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) by a pulmonologist. The gases present in the exhaled breath of all subjects were measured. The level of ammonia (32.29 \u00b1 20.83 ppb), (68.83 \u00b1 35.25 ppb), hydrogen sulfide (0.50 \u00b1 0.26 ppm), (62.71 \u00b1 22.20 ppb), and acetone (103.49 \u00b1 35.01 ppb), (0.66 \u00b1 0.31 ppm) in exhaled breath were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) between obstructive lung disease patients and healthy individuals, except alcohol, with a p-value greater than 0.05. Positive correlation was found between ammonia w.r.t Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) (r = 0.74), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (r = 0.61) and Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) (r = 0.63) and hydrogen sulfide w.r.t FEV1 (r = 0.54), FVC (r = 0.41) and FEF (r = 0.37). Whereas, weak correlation was found for acetone and alcohol w.r.t FEV1, FVC and PEF. Therefore, the level of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are useful breath markers for detection of obstructive lung disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12060409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T22:00:38Z","timestamp":1655157638000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Low-Cost Device for Measurement of Exhaled Breath for the Detection of Obstructive Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil Ahmad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafaq","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Accidents and Emergency Department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Omer","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3318-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha Abdallah","family":"Alnuwaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5968-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Jameel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Asir Abha, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box: 960 - Postal Code: 61421"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niaz Bahadur","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2019.121004","article-title":"Breath Analysis for Detecting Diseases on Respiratory, Metabolic and Digestive System","volume":"12","author":"Kou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037110","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/5\/3\/037110","article-title":"A selective nanosensor device for exhaled breath analysis","volume":"5","author":"Gouma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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