{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T22:58:41Z","timestamp":1772060321462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biosensoristica innovativa per i test sierologici e molecolari e nuovi dispositivi PoCT per la diagnosi di infezione da SARS-CoV-2"},{"name":"Bando Straordinario di Ateneo per Progetti di Ricerca Biomedica in Ambito SARS-CoV-2 e COVID-19"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An IoT-WiFi smart and portable electrochemical immunosensor for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was developed with integrated machine learning features. The immunoenzymatic sensor is based on the immobilization of monoclonal antibodies directed at the SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit on Screen-Printed Electrodes functionalized with gold nanoparticles. The analytical protocol involves a single-step sample incubation. Immunosensor performance was validated in a viral transfer medium which is commonly used for the desorption of nasopharyngeal swabs. Remarkable specificity of the response was demonstrated by testing H1N1 Hemagglutinin from swine-origin influenza A virus and Spike Protein S1 from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Machine learning was successfully used for data processing and analysis. Different support vector machine classifiers were evaluated, proving that algorithms affect the classifier accuracy. The test accuracy of the best classification model in terms of true positive\/true negative sample classification was 97.3%. In addition, the ML algorithm can be easily integrated into cloud-based portable Wi-Fi devices. Finally, the immunosensor was successfully tested using a third generation replicating incompetent lentiviral vector pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, thus proving the applicability of the immunosensor to whole virus detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12060426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T05:25:11Z","timestamp":1655443511000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Rapid Quantification of SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein Enhanced with a Machine Learning Technique Integrated in a Smart and Portable Immunosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-7974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Fortunati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Giliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7031-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Giannetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Bolchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Donofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"De Munari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4558-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Careri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.2019.1907777","article-title":"Making Internet of Things Real","volume":"2","author":"Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2018.03.006","article-title":"Past, Current and Future Trends in Enterprise Architecture\u2014A View beyond the Horizon","volume":"100","author":"Gampfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2893866","article-title":"From Cloud Down to Things: An Overview of Machine Learning in Internet of Things","volume":"6","author":"Samie","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01424","article-title":"Advancing Biosensors with Machine Learning","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Maity, S., and Mastrangelo, C.H. (2021). Nanostructures for Biosensing, with a Brief Overview on Cancer Detection, IoT, and the Role of Machine Learning in Smart Biosensors. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041253"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100734","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100734","article-title":"Machine Learning-Reinforced Noninvasive Biosensors for Healthcare","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82771-7","article-title":"Observational Study on Wearable Biosensors and Machine Learning-Based Remote Monitoring of COVID-19 Patients","volume":"11","author":"Un","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100105","article-title":"\u201cAll In One\u201d SARS-CoV-2 Variant Recognition Platform: Machine Learning-Enabled Point of Care Diagnostics","volume":"10","author":"Beduk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05657","article-title":"Multiplexed Nanomaterial-Based Sensor Array for Detection of COVID-19 in Exhaled Breath","volume":"14","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112435","article-title":"Real-Time Diagnosis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Fresh Sputum by Electrochemical Tracing; Correlation between COVID-19 and Viral-Induced ROS in Lung\/Respiratory Epithelium during This Pandemic","volume":"165","author":"Miripour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00312","article-title":"Detecting COVID-19 from Breath: A Game Changer for a Big Challenge","volume":"6","author":"Giovannini","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00512-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00512-20","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Issues and Challenges","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10196","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02060","article-title":"Molecular Diagnosis of COVID-19: Challenges and Research Needs","volume":"92","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.189","article-title":"COVID-19: A PCR-Defined Pandemic","volume":"103","author":"Velavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106305","article-title":"Current State of Diagnostic, Screening and Surveillance Testing Methods for COVID-19 from an Analytical Chemistry Point of View","volume":"167","author":"Tena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2020.0313","article-title":"Review of Clinical Performance of Serology Based Commercial Diagnostic Assays for Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibodies","volume":"35","author":"Deshpande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.07.006","article-title":"An Amperometric Immunosensor for Diagnosis of Celiac Disease Based on Covalent Immobilization of Open Conformation Tissue Transglutaminase for Determination of Anti-TTG Antibodies in Human Serum","volume":"62","author":"Giannetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.05.018","article-title":"Piezoelectric Immunosensor Based on Antibody Recognition of Immobilized Open-Tissue Transglutaminase: An Innovative Perspective on Diagnostic Devices for Celiac Disease","volume":"201","author":"Manfredi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.07.056","article-title":"An Integrated IoT-Wi-Fi Board for Remote Data Acquisition and Sharing from Innovative Immunosensors. Case of Study: Diagnosis of Celiac Disease","volume":"273","author":"Giannetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollarasouli, F., Kurbanoglu, S., and Ozkan, S.A. (2019). The Role of Electrochemical Immunosensors in Clinical Analysis. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9030086"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39970","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07245G","article-title":"Innovative Gold-Free Carbon Nanotube\/Chitosan-Based Competitive Immunosensor for Determination of HIV-Related P24 Capsid Protein in Serum","volume":"7","author":"Giannetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.09.005","article-title":"Competitive Amperometric Immunosensor for Determination of P53 Protein in Urine with Carbon Nanotubes\/Gold Nanoparticles Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Potential Rapid and Noninvasive Screening Tool for Early Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Carcinoma","volume":"991","author":"Giannetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, V., Mattarozzi, M., Giannetto, M., Boni, A., De Munari, I., and Careri, M. (2020). A Self-Calibrating IoT Portable Electrochemical Immunosensor for Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 as a Tumor Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072016"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., and Park, M. (2021). Recent Progress in Electrochemical Immunosensors. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11100360"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.020","article-title":"Novel Amperometric Genosensor Based on Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Probes Immobilized on Carbon Nanotubes-Screen Printed Electrodes for the Determination of Trace Levels of Non-Amplified DNA in Genetically Modified (GM) Soy","volume":"129","author":"Fortunati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortunati, S., Rozzi, A., Curti, F., Giannetto, M., Corradini, R., and Careri, M. (2019). Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Enhancing Substrates for PNA-Based Amperometric Genosensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030588"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338297","article-title":"PNA-Functionalized Magnetic Microbeads as Substrates for Enzyme-Labelled Voltammetric Genoassay for DNA Sensing Applied to Identification of GMO in Food","volume":"1153","author":"Fortunati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.07.020","article-title":"Recent Advances on the DNA-Based Electrochemical Biosensing of Cancer Biomarkers: Analytical Approach","volume":"119","author":"Sadighbayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112685","article-title":"One-Step Rapid Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Particles via Low-Cost Nanoplasmonic Sensors in Generic Microplate Reader and Point-of-Care Device","volume":"171","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338939","article-title":"Colorimetric and Electrochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antigen with a Gold Nanoparticle-Based Biosensor","volume":"1182","author":"Erdemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02823","article-title":"Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2) in Human Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens Using Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensor","volume":"14","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10321","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c22589","article-title":"Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens Using High-Purity Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11461","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01188","article-title":"Two-Dimensional-Material-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for Detecting COVID-19 Virus (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"15","author":"Azam","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mojsoska, B., Larsen, S., Olsen, D.A., Madsen, J.S., Brandslund, I., and Alatraktchi, F.A. (2021). Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Detection Using Electrochemical Immunosensor. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020390"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04762-9","article-title":"Electrochemical Immunosensor with Cu2O Nanocube Coating for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein","volume":"188","author":"Rahmati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113497","article-title":"A Rapid, Ultrasensitive Voltammetric Biosensor for Determining SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Real Samples","volume":"192","author":"Liv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112912","article-title":"Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Diagnosing COVID-19: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Antigen","volume":"176","author":"Yakoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vadlamani, B.S., Uppal, T., Verma, S.C., and Misra, M. (2020). Functionalized TiO2 Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.07.20190173"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112686","article-title":"Magnetic Beads Combined with Carbon Black-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for COVID-19: A Reliable and Miniaturized Electrochemical Immunosensor for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Saliva","volume":"171","author":"Fabiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8585","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01444","article-title":"Rapid Point-of-Care COVID-19 Diagnosis with a Gold-Nanoarchitecture-Assisted Laser-Scribed Graphene Biosensor","volume":"93","author":"Beduk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141544","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3120022","article-title":"IoT and Biosensors: A Smart Portable Potentiostat With Advanced Cloud-Enabled Features","volume":"9","author":"Bianchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, May 13). Thingspeak Website. Available online: https:\/\/thingspeak.com\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1206-1565","article-title":"What is a support vector machine?","volume":"24","author":"Noble","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Magnusson, B., and \u00d6rnemark, U. (2014). Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods\u2014A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, Eurachem. [2nd ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/www.eurachem.org."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donofrio, G., Franceschi, V., Macchi, F., Russo, L., Rocci, A., Marchica, V., Costa, F., Giuliani, N., Ferrari, C., and Missale, G. (2021). A Simplified SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.12.21253435"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112679","article-title":"Multiplexed Detection and Quantification of Human Antibody Response to COVID-19 Infection Using a Plasmon Enhanced Biosensor Platform","volume":"171","author":"Cady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105659","article-title":"Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19 Employing Analysis of Patients\u2019 Plasma and Serum via LC-MS and Machine Learning","volume":"146","author":"Surek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2494218","article-title":"Taking the Human Out of the Loop: A Review of Bayesian Optimization","volume":"104","author":"Shahriari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201600055","article-title":"Analysis of amino acid mixtures by voltammetric electronic tongues and artificial neural networks","volume":"28","author":"Faura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00137","article-title":"Detection and direct readout of drugs in human urine using dynamic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and support vector machines","volume":"87","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/6\/426\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:33:42Z","timestamp":1760139222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/6\/426"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12060426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12060426","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]}}}