{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:22:24Z","timestamp":1788942144124,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Grant from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Grant from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"]}]},{"name":"the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Grant from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012383"]}]},{"name":"Top-Down Research University Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"Top-Down Research University Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"]}]},{"name":"Top-Down Research University Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012383"]}]},{"name":"Research University (RUI) COVID-19 Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/CIPPM\/4401005"]}]},{"name":"Research University (RUI) COVID-19 Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/PCEDEC\/870050"]}]},{"name":"Research University (RUI) COVID-19 Grant, Universiti Sains Malaysia","award":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPM\/8012383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of precise and efficient diagnostic tools enables early treatment and proper isolation of infected individuals, hence limiting the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The standard diagnostic tests used by healthcare workers to diagnose severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have some limitations, including longer detection time, the need for qualified individuals, and the use of sophisticated bench-top equipment, which limit their use for rapid SARS-CoV-2 assessment. Advances in sensor technology have renewed the interest in electrochemical biosensors miniaturization, which provide improved diagnostic qualities such as rapid response, simplicity of operation, portability, and readiness for on-site screening of infection. This review gives a condensed overview of the current electrochemical sensing platform strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical samples. The fundamentals of fabricating electrochemical biosensors, such as the chosen electrode materials, electrochemical transducing techniques, and sensitive biorecognition molecules, are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we summarised electrochemical biosensors detection strategies and their analytical performance on diverse clinical samples, including saliva, blood, and nasopharyngeal swab. Finally, we address the employment of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors integrated with microfluidic technology in viral electrochemical biosensors, emphasizing its potential for on-site diagnostics applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12070473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T20:47:56Z","timestamp":1656535676000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Utilizing Electrochemical-Based Sensing Approaches for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1637-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Syafirah","family":"Zambry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3974-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godwin Attah","family":"Obande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Lafia PMB 146, Nasarawa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fazli","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6556-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazmin","family":"Bustami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hairul Hisham","family":"Hamzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Syafiq","family":"Awang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Aziah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6198-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asrulnizam Abd","family":"Manaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre (CEDEC), Sains@USM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19): A Review","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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