{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:03:28Z","timestamp":1789239808501,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMR\/2016\/007564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2016\/007564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TDP\/BDTD\/33\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDP\/BDTD\/33\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Technology Development Program (TDP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMR\/2016\/007564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2016\/007564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Technology Development Program (TDP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TDP\/BDTD\/33\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDP\/BDTD\/33\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing rapid, sensitive detection methods for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) is crucial to reduce its current misuse in the world population. With that aim, we developed an aptamer-modified tin nanoparticle (SnNP)-based nanoarchitecture as an electrochemical sensor in this study. This platform exhibited a high electron transfer rate with enhanced conductivity arising from its large surface area in comparison to the bare electrode. This observation was explained by the 40-fold higher electroactive surface area of SnNPs@Au, which provided a large space for 1.0 \u03bcM AptMDMA (0.68 \u00b1 0.36 \u00d7 1012 molecule\/cm2) immobilization and yielded a significant electrochemical response in the presence of MDMA. Furthermore, the AptMDMA-modified SnNPs@Au sensing platform proved to be a simple yet ultrasensitive analytical device for MDMA detection in spiked biological and water samples. This novel electrochemical aptasensor showed good linearity in the range of 0.01\u20131.0 nM for MDMA (R2 = 0.97) with a limit of detection of 0.33 nM and a sensitivity of 0.54 ohm\/nM. In addition, the device showed high accuracy and stability along with signal recoveries in the range of 92\u201396.7% (Relative Standard Deviation, RSD, 1.1\u20132.18%). In conclusion, the proposed aptasensor developed here is the first to combine SnNPs and aptamers for illicit compound detection, and it offers a reliable platform for recreational drug detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12070538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Development of Nanomaterial-Modified Impedimetric Aptasensor\u2014A Single-Step Strategy for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shringika","family":"Soni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utkarsh","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald H.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x","article-title":"The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: The true story reconstructed from the original documents","volume":"101","author":"Freudenmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"965","article-title":"Determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Ecstasy tablets by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD)","volume":"32","author":"Pintao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qu\u00edmica Nova"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01336-3","article-title":"MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000962","article-title":"Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Psychiatry","volume":"38","author":"Schenk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.12.107","article-title":"Developing electrodes chemically modified with cucurbit[6]uril to detect 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by voltammetry","volume":"121","author":"Tadini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, P., Mauri, M.C., and Altamura, A.C. (2018). Hallucinations in the Substance-Induced Psychosis. Hallucinations in Psychoses and Affective Disorders, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75124-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2020.1811725","article-title":"Validated green phenyl reversed-phase LC method using ethanol to determine MDMA in seized ecstasy tablets","volume":"43","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AY01403A","article-title":"1 H quantitative NMR and UHPLC-MS analysis of seized MDMA\/NPS mixtures and tablets from night-club venues","volume":"11","author":"Naqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10750","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00285","article-title":"Dual-Layered Nanomaterial-Based Molecular Pattering on Polymer Surface Biomimetic Impedimetric Sensing of a Bliss Molecule, Anandamide Neurotransmitter","volume":"5","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.12.016","article-title":"Recent advancement in nanosensors for neurotransmitters detection: Present and future perspective","volume":"91","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.10.015","article-title":"Recent advances in nanosensors development for biomarker alpha-synuclein protein detection","volume":"111","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, S., Jain, U., Burke, D.H., and Chauhan, N. (2022). Recent trends and emerging strategies for aptasensing technologies for illicit drugs detection. J. Electroanal. Chem., 116128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2022.116128"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.04.007","article-title":"Aptamer chemistry","volume":"134","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11959","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200711959","article-title":"A Highlight of Recent Advances in Aptamer Technology and Its Application","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa, H., Savory, N., Abe, K., and Ikebukuro, K. (2016). Methods for Improving Aptamer Binding Affinity. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21040421"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC126.76977714","article-title":"Electrochemical Based C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Sensing Through Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Pore Structure Coupled with Bi-Metallic Tuned Screen-Printed Electrode","volume":"12","author":"Balayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.215","article-title":"Nano-interface driven electrochemical sensor for pesticides detection based on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition","volume":"164","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.09.026","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin biosensing integration formed on Au nanoparticle-dotted tubular TiO2 nanoarray","volume":"945","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN00169D","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescent aptamer-sensor for alpha synuclein oligomer based on a metal\u2013organic framework","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2012.01.049","article-title":"A label-free aptasensor for the sensitive and specific detection of cocaine using supramolecular aptamer fragments\/target complex by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201501014","article-title":"Sensitive Electrochemical Prostate Specific Antigen Aptasensor: Effect of Carboxylic Acid Functionalized Carbon Nanotube and Glutaraldehyde Linker","volume":"28","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.06.047","article-title":"An electrochemical sensor for detection of neurotransmitter-acetylcholine using metal nanoparticles, 2D material and conducting polymer modified electrode","volume":"89","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b08901","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Tetrapods Based Biohybrid Interface for Voltammetric Sensing of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"10","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.07.070","article-title":"Immobilization of rat brain acetylcholinesterase on ZnS and poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) modified Au electrode for detection of organophosphorus insecticides","volume":"29","author":"Chauhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2017.06.006","article-title":"A contrivance based on electrochemical integration of graphene oxide nanoparticles\/nickel nanoparticles for bilirubin biosensing","volume":"125","author":"Rawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2021.06.015","article-title":"Detection of pesticide residues utilizing enzyme-electrode interface via nano-patterning of TiO2 nanoparticles and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2019.104680","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted electrodeposition of Ni-Cu\/TiN composite coating from sulphate-citrate bath: Structural and electrochemical properties","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CE02437D","article-title":"A new nanocrystalline binary phase: Synthesis and properties of cubic tin monoselenide","volume":"18","author":"Abutbul","year":"2016","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b00544","article-title":"Surface-Modified Tin Nanoparticles and Their Electrochemical Performance in Lithium Ion Battery Cells","volume":"2","author":"Riedel","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00254","article-title":"Electrochemical Properties of Tin Sulfide Nano-Sheets as Cathode Material for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"8","author":"Saleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1166\/jno.2018.2341","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Electrochemical Organophosphate Sensor Device Based on Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Khatoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanoelectron. Optoelectron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027505","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/abdee8","article-title":"Review\u2014Recent Advances in Tin Oxide Nanomaterials as Electrochemical\/Chemiresistive Sensors","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2022.102023","article-title":"A label free, signal off electrochemical aptasensor for amphetamine detection","volume":"31","author":"Soni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2016.3652","article-title":"Ammonia Gas Sensing Activity of Sn Nanoparticles Film","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-014-1349-8","article-title":"Colorimetric and bare eye determination of urinary methylamphetamine based on the use of aptamers and the salt-induced aggregation of unmodified gold nanoparticles","volume":"182","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1039\/tf9484400322","article-title":"A cathode ray polarograph. Part II.\u2014The current-voltage curves","volume":"44","author":"Randles","year":"1948","journal-title":"Trans. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085602","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/8\/085602","article-title":"Electrochemical annealing of nanoporous gold by application of cyclic potential sweeps","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50160a042","article-title":"Diffusion coefficients of ferri- and ferrocyanide ions in aqueous media, using twin-electrode thin-layer electrochemistry","volume":"42","author":"Konopka","year":"1970","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2020.116354","article-title":"Sensitive biosensing of neurotransmitter: 2D material wrapped nanotubes and MnO2 composites for the detection of acetylcholine","volume":"263","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-020-04556-z","article-title":"Effects of Tin on the Morphological and Electrochemical Properties of Arc-Discharge Nanomaterials","volume":"73","author":"Zaikovskii","year":"2021","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69356","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA11131E","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde sandwiched amino functionalized polymer based aptasensor for the determination and quantification of chloramphenicol","volume":"5","author":"Rosy","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.09.089","article-title":"Novel nanoarchitecture of Co-MOF-on-TPN-COF hybrid: Ultralowly sensitive bioplatform of electrochemical aptasensor toward ampicillin","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"265","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization of Tin Oxide (SnO) Nanoparticles via Autoclave synthesis protocol for H2 sensing","volume":"11","author":"Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2004.06.002","article-title":"XRD and TEM studies on tin oxide (II) nanoparticles prepared by inert gas condensation","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11381","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP00249K","article-title":"From (Au5Sn + AuSn) physical mixture to phase pure AuSn and Au5Sn intermetallic nanocrystals with tailored morphology: Digestive ripening assisted approach","volume":"16","author":"Arora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18791","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra43532f","article-title":"Room temperature ionic liquid assisted well-dispersed core-shell tin nanoparticles through cathodic corrosion","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12039-017-1335-x","article-title":"Theory for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of heterogeneous electrode with distributed capacitance and charge transfer resistance","volume":"129","author":"Dhillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2010.01.007","article-title":"Theory of the impedance of charge transfer via surface states in dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"646","author":"Bisquert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42671-3","article-title":"Selection of high affinity aptamer-ligand for dexamethasone and its electrochemical biosensor","volume":"9","author":"Mehennaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez de Carvasal, K., Riccardi, C., Russo Krauss, I., Cavasso, D., Vasseur, J.-J., Smietana, M., Morvan, F., and Montesarchio, D. (2021). Charge-Transfer Interactions Stabilize G-Quadruplex-Forming Thrombin Binding Aptamers and Can Improve Their Anticoagulant Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179510"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.7b00361","article-title":"A Practical Beginner\u2019s Guide to Cyclic Voltammetry","volume":"95","author":"Elgrishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kelly, R.S. (2022, June 02). Analytical Electrochemistry: The Basic Concepts. Available online: https:\/\/amser.org\/index.php?P=AMSER--ResourceFrame&resourceId=17150."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.11.042","article-title":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detection of lysozyme based on electrodeposited gold nanoparticles","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN00618D","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing of cocaine in real samples based on electrodeposited biomimetic affinity ligands","volume":"144","author":"Florea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-018-2709-6","article-title":"Impedimetric detection of cocaine by using an aptamer attached to a screen printed electrode modified with a dendrimer\/silver nanoparticle nanocomposite","volume":"185","author":"Roushani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78068-w","article-title":"Nanohybrid-based immunosensor prepared for Helicobacter pylori BabA antigen detection through immobilized antibody assembly with @Pdnano\/rGO\/PEDOT sensing platform","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"537","article-title":"Surfactant-controlled aqueous synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles via the hydrothermal and conventional heating methods","volume":"34","author":"Farrukh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.02.092","article-title":"Continuous microwave flow synthesis (CMFS) of nano-sized tin oxide: Effect of precursor concentration","volume":"42","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.06.131","article-title":"Electrical and dielectric properties of co-precipitated nanocrystalline tin oxide","volume":"505","author":"Babar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solidstatesciences.2014.05.003","article-title":"EuF3 nanotubes fabricated via Eu(NO3)3\/cysteamine as precursor and their derived thermosensitive nanogels","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Solid State Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"18","article-title":"\u03b1-Amylase immobilization onto functionalized graphene nanosheets as scaffolds: Its characterization, kinetics and potential applications in starch based industries","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12340","DOI":"10.20964\/2018.12.59","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose biosensor with the characterization of surface morphology and content of glucose oxidase- glutaraldehyde-cysteine layers on gold electrode","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.201190107","article-title":"Electrochemical Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on Pencil Graphite by Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry","volume":"58","author":"Etesami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliofkhazraei, M. (2016). Supported Nanoparticle Synthesis by Electrochemical Deposition. Handbook of Nanoparticles, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15338-4"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8131","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101409t","article-title":"Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Interferon Gamma Detection","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128155","article-title":"Electroactive Cu2O nanoparticles and Ag nanoparticles driven ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor for prostate specific antigen detection","volume":"315","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.10.035","article-title":"Fabrication of a novel aptasensor based on three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide\/polyaniline\/gold nanoparticle composite as a novel platform for high sensitive and specific cocaine detection","volume":"996","author":"Hashemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY02924D","article-title":"Forensic electrochemistry: Simultaneous voltammetric detection of MDMA and its fatal counterpart \u201cdr Death\u201d (PMA)","volume":"8","author":"Cumba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.05.036","article-title":"3,4-Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine detection using a microcantilever-based biosensor","volume":"182","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC121228032N","article-title":"The use of a gold electrode for the determination of amphetamine derivatives and application to their analysis in human urine","volume":"78","author":"Nevescanin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.138","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing of ecstasy with electropolymerized molecularly imprinted poly(o-phenylenediamine) polymer on the surface of disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes","volume":"290","author":"Couto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85389-x","article-title":"Concomitant drugs associated with increased mortality for MDMA users reported in a drug safety surveillance database","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2018.1424832","article-title":"Key interindividual determinants in MDMA pharmacodynamics","volume":"14","author":"Papaseit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/7\/538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:54:13Z","timestamp":1760140453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/7\/538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12070538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12070538","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]}}}