{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:01:13Z","timestamp":1772488873047,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22071065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22071065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515011743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["22071065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22071065"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2022A1515011743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011743"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing a water-soluble supramolecular system for the detection and removal of Hg2+ is extremely needed but remains challenging. Herein, we reported the facile construction of a fluorescent supramolecular system (H\u2283G) in 100% water through the self-assembly of carboxylatopillar[5]arene sodium salts (H) and diketopyrrolopyrrole-bridged bis(quaternary ammonium) guest (G) by host\u2013guest interaction. With the addition of Hg2+, the fluorescence of H\u2283G could be efficiently quenched. Since Hg2+ showed synergistic interactions (coordination and Hg2+- cavity interactions with G and H, respectively), crosslinked networks of H\u2283G@Hg2+ were formed. A sensitive response to Hg2+ with excellent selectivity and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 7.17 \u00d7 10\u22127 M was obtained. Significantly, the quenching fluorescence of H\u2283G@Hg2+ can be recovered after a simple treatment with Na2S. The reusability of H\u2283G for the detection of Hg2+ ions was retained for four cycles, indicating the H\u2283G could be efficiently used in a reversible manner. In addition, the H\u2283G could efficiently detect Hg2+ concentration in real samples (tap water and lake water). The developed supramolecular system in 100% water provides great potential in the treatment of Hg2+ detection and removal for environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1658956265000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Green, Efficient Detection and Removal of Hg2+ by Water-Soluble Fluorescent Pillar[5]arene Supramolecular Self-Assembly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueguang","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8079-2","article-title":"Bioremediation of mercury: Not properly exploited in contaminated soils","volume":"101","author":"Mahbub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643972","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","article-title":"Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic","volume":"12","author":"Naseri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10116","article-title":"Review: Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health","volume":"18","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.11.009","article-title":"Thorough removal of inorganic and organic mercury from aqueous solutions by adsorption on Lemna minor powder","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200355j","article-title":"Combinatorial strategies in fluorescent probe development","volume":"112","author":"Vendrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7840","DOI":"10.1021\/cr5005524","article-title":"Recent advances in supramolecular analytical chemistry using optical sensing","volume":"115","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cs15051k","article-title":"Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as chemosensors and adsorbents for toxic metal ions in environmental and biological fields","volume":"40","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.06.118","article-title":"Recent advances of conjugated polymer (CP) nanocomposite-based chemical sensors and their applications in food spoilage detection: A comprehensive review","volume":"273","author":"Pavase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21438","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b04201","article-title":"Carbazolic porous framework with tetrahedral core for gas uptake and tandem detection of iodide and mercury","volume":"9","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1021\/am400123j","article-title":"Thiazole-containing conjugated polymer as a visual and fluorometric sensor for iodide and mercury","volume":"5","author":"Hussain","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107401","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107401","article-title":"Macrocycle-based porous organic polymers for separation, sensing, and catalysis","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202103185","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202103185","article-title":"Frontispiece: Supramolecular assemblies with aggregation-induced emission properties for sensing and detection","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa281","article-title":"A stimuli-responsive pillar[5]arene-based hybrid material with enhanced tunable multicolor luminescence and ion-sensing ability","volume":"8","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00495E","article-title":"Supramolecular materials based on AIE luminogens (AIEgens): Construction and applications","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00765","article-title":"Pillar-shaped macrocyclic hosts pillar[n]arenes: New key players for supramolecular chemistry","volume":"116","author":"Ogoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2019.06.026","article-title":"Pillararene-based fluorescent sensors for the tracking of organic compounds","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.03.006","article-title":"Pillar[5]arenes bearing phosphine oxide pendents as Hg2+ selective receptors","volume":"125","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11889","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00363","article-title":"Pillararene-based aggregation-induced-emission-active supramolecular system for simultaneous detection and removal of mercury(II) in water","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5921","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ06264E","article-title":"Copillar[5]arene-rhodamine conjugate as a selective sensor for Hg2+ ions","volume":"44","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11879","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202101437","article-title":"Recyclable supramolecular assembly-induced emission system for selective detection and efficientremoval of mercury(II)","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b01546","article-title":"Supramolecular assembly-induced emission enhancement for efficient mercury(ii) detection and removal","volume":"141","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16597","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b03824","article-title":"Supramolecular aggregation-induced emission gels based on pillar[5]arene for ultrasensitive detection and separation of multianalytes","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201705107","article-title":"Pillar[5]arene-based supramolecular organic framework with multi-Guest detection and recyclable separation properties","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47709","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA10326C","article-title":"Pillar[5]arene-based fluorescent polymer for selective detection and removal of mercury ions","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12340","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc15660h","article-title":"A cationic water-soluble pillar[5]arene: Synthesis and host\u2013guest complexation with sodium 1-octanesulfonate","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc00348d","article-title":"Synthesis, conformational and host-guest properties of water-soluble pillar[5]arene","volume":"46","author":"Ogoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3778","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b00691","article-title":"Controllable construction of biocompatible supramolecular micelles and vesicles by water-soluble phosphate pillar[5,6]arenes for selective anti-cancer drug delivery","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124087","article-title":"Highly efficient and selective pillararene-based organic materials for Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ extraction from aqueous solution","volume":"387","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31337","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c05798","article-title":"Multifunctional pillar[n]arene-based smart nanomaterials","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7883","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC03292D","article-title":"Pillararenes as macrocyclic hosts: A rising star in metal ion separation","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213313","article-title":"Tailoring pillararene-based receptors for specific metal ion binding: From recognition to supramolecular assembly","volume":"415","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b11676","article-title":"Nanoparticles with near-infrared emission enhanced by pillararene-based molecular recognition in water","volume":"138","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6605","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201700345","article-title":"Glucose-responsive supramolecular vesicles based on water-soluble pillar[5]arene and pyridylboronic acid derivatives for controlled insulin delivery","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1039\/C7OB00530J","article-title":"A water-soluble pillar[5]arene as a new carrier for an old drug","volume":"15","author":"Barbera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b14193","article-title":"Smart self-assembled nanosystem based on water-soluble pillararene and rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles for pH-Responsive drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3115168","article-title":"Viologen-mediated assembly of and sensing with carboxylatopillar[5]arene-modified gold nanoparticles","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700161","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201700161","article-title":"Pillar[5]arene-diketopyrrolopyrrole fluorescent copolymer: A promising recognition and adsorption material for adiponitrile by selective formation of a conjugated polypseudorotaxane","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13114","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC05153A","article-title":"Bio-inspired AIE pillar[5]arene probe with multiple binding sites to discriminate alkanediamines","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.8b00037","article-title":"Fluorescent-cavity host: An efficient probe to study supramolecular recognition mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.0c00277","article-title":"Host\u2013guest complexation of monoanionic and dianionic guests with a polycationic pillararene host: Same two-step mechanism but striking difference in rate upon inclusion","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12446","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06483","article-title":"pH switchable nanoassembly for imaging a broad range of malignant tumors","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9876","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc35498e","article-title":"Syntheses of a pillar[4]arene[1]quinone and a difunctionalized pillar[5]arene by partial oxidation","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9172","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR01599K","article-title":"In situ formation of Hg2+-coordinated fluorescent nanoparticles through a supramolecular polymer network used for efficient Hg2+ sensing and separation","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5214","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM01118K","article-title":"A pillar[5]arene-based multiple-stimuli responsive metal\u2013organic gel was constructed for facile removal of mercury ions","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10148","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ00508G","article-title":"A novel water soluble pillar[5]arene and phenazine derivative self-assembled pseudorotaxane sensor for the selective detection of Hg2+ and Ag+ with high selectivity and sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.05.094","article-title":"Novel bispillar[5]arene-based AIEgen and its\u2019 application in mercury(II) detection","volume":"272","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensor Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2016.02.004","article-title":"Adaptation of guest molecules: A simple system that amplifies the gentle perturbation of host lattices from nickel(II) to cobalt(II)","volume":"445","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36320","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b12063","article-title":"Supramolecular host-guest system as ratiometric Fe3+ ion sensor based on water-soluble pillar[5]arene","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.01.037","article-title":"Thienyl diketopyrrolopyrrole as a robust sensing platform for multiple ions and its application in molecular logic system","volume":"244","author":"Nie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01032","article-title":"Improved solubility and bioactivity of camptothecin family antitumor drugs with supramolecular encapsulation by water-soluble pillar[6]arene","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9749","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC05305C","article-title":"Enhancing the solubility and bioactivity of anticancer drug tamoxifen by water-soluble pillar[6]arene-based host\u2013guest complexation","volume":"53","author":"Shangguan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/8\/571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:57:15Z","timestamp":1760140635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/8\/571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12080571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12080571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]}}}