{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:26:29Z","timestamp":1779143189154,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST-110-2320-B-182-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2320-B-182-029"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["CMRPD1M0421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1M0421"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["CMRPD1K0252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1K0252"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["CMRPD1L0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1L0061"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["BMRBP16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRBP16"]}]},{"name":"the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Fund","award":["MOST-110-2320-B-182-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2320-B-182-029"]}]},{"name":"the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Fund","award":["CMRPD1M0421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1M0421"]}]},{"name":"the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Fund","award":["CMRPD1K0252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1K0252"]}]},{"name":"the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Fund","award":["CMRPD1L0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1L0061"]}]},{"name":"the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Fund","award":["BMRBP16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRBP16"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung University","award":["MOST-110-2320-B-182-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2320-B-182-029"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung University","award":["CMRPD1M0421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1M0421"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung University","award":["CMRPD1K0252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1K0252"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung University","award":["CMRPD1L0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1L0061"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung University","award":["BMRBP16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRBP16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To prevent the COVID-19 pandemic that threatens human health, vaccination has become a useful and necessary tool in the response to the pandemic. The vaccine not only induces antibodies in the body, but may also cause adverse effects such as fatigue, muscle pain, blood clots, and myocarditis, especially in patients with chronic disease. To reduce unnecessary vaccinations, it is becoming increasingly important to monitor the amount of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies prior to vaccination. A novel SH-SAW biosensor, coated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, can help quantify the amount of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies with 5 \u03bcL of finger blood within 40 s. The LoD of the spike-protein-coated SAW biosensor was determined to be 41.91 BAU\/mL, and the cut-off point was determined to be 50 BAU\/mL (Youden\u2019s J statistic = 0.94733). By using the SH-SAW biosensor, we found that the total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibody concentrations spiked 10\u201314 days after the first vaccination (p = 0.0002) and 7\u20139 days after the second vaccination (p = 0.0116). Furthermore, mRNA vaccines, such as Moderna or BNT, could achieve higher concentrations of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein antibodies compared with adenovirus vaccine, AZ (p &lt; 0.0001). SH-SAW sensors in vitro diagnostic systems are a simple and powerful technology to investigate the local prevalence of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Measurements of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels after Vaccination Using a SH-SAW Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hsuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan"},{"name":"Biotechnology Industry Master and Ph.D. Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0834-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Yatsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu-Heng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8736-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Jen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yen","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial and Children\u2019s Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1322-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Y. L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Industry Master and Ph.D. Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial and Children\u2019s Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0034121","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00341-21","article-title":"Differential Antibody Response to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Healthy Subjects","volume":"9","author":"Wheeler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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