{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:33:52Z","timestamp":1791819232179,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)","award":["2020003030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020003030001"]}]},{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)","award":["20009121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20009121"]}]},{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)","award":["2022R1A5A2027161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A2027161"]}]},{"name":"Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)","award":["2021R1C1C1005583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1005583"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["2020003030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020003030001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["20009121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20009121"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["2022R1A5A2027161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A2027161"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["2021R1C1C1005583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1005583"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)","award":["2020003030001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020003030001"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)","award":["20009121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20009121"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)","award":["2022R1A5A2027161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A2027161"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)","award":["2021R1C1C1005583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1005583"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exosomes have been gaining attention for early cancer diagnosis owing to their biological functions in cells. Several studies have reported the relevance of exosomes in various diseases, including pancreatic cancer, retroperitoneal fibrosis, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, and atherosclerosis. Particularly, exosomes are regarded as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and can be detected in biofluids, such as saliva, urine, peritoneal fluid, and blood. Thus, exosomes are advantageous for cancer liquid biopsies as they overcome the current limitations of cancer tissue biopsies. Several studies have reported methods for exosome isolation, and analysis for cancer diagnosis. However, further clinical trials are still required to determine accurate exosome concentration quantification methods. Recently, various biosensors have been developed to detect exosomal biomarkers, including tumor-derived exosomes, nucleic acids, and proteins. Among these, the exact quantification of tumor-derived exosomes is a serious obstacle to the clinical use of liquid biopsies. Precise detection of exosome concentration is difficult because it requires clinical sample pretreatment. To solve this problem, the use of the nanobiohybrid material-based biosensor provides improved sensitivity and selectivity. The present review will discuss recent progress in exosome biosensors consisting of nanomaterials and biomaterial hybrids for electrochemical, electrical, and optical-based biosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T21:23:56Z","timestamp":1660771436000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Introduction of Nanomaterials to Biosensors for Exosome Detection: Case Study for Cancer Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myoungro","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinmyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moonbong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1148-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulhwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taek","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2009.05254.x","article-title":"Symptom Clusters and Experiences of Patients with Cancer","volume":"66","author":"Karabulu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"The Symptoms of Advanced Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Donnelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.48","article-title":"Is Increased Time to Diagnosis and Treatment in Symptomatic Cancer Associated with Poorer Outcomes? Systematic Review","volume":"112","author":"Neal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Society, A.C. (2014). Cancer Facts & Figures 2014, American Cancer Society."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.43.1718","article-title":"Use of Research Biopsies in Clinical Trials: Are Risks and Benefits Adequately Discussed?","volume":"31","author":"Overman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509384113","article-title":"Functional Malignant Cell Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Revealed by Targeting of PDGF-DD","volume":"113","author":"Cortez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16022","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.22","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Kleeff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2016.07.006","article-title":"Costs of Diagnostic Assessment for Lung Cancer: A Medicare Claims Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lokhandwala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.4801","article-title":"Psychological Impact of Prostate Biopsy: Physical Symptoms, Anxiety, and Depression","volume":"31","author":"Wade","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758835918794630","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835918794630","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy of Cancer: A Multimodal Diagnostic Tool in Clinical Oncology","volume":"10","author":"Palmirotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrugo-Ram\u00edrez, J., Mir, M., and Samitier, J. (2018). Blood-Based Cancer Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy: A Promising Non-Invasive Alternative to Tissue Biopsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102877"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"36","article-title":"Real-Time Liquid Biopsies Become a Reality in Cancer Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Karachaliou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshi, M., Murthy, V., Takahashi, H., Huyser, M., Okano, M., Tokumaru, Y., Rashid, O.M., Matsuyama, R., Endo, I., and Takabe, K. (2021). Urine as a Source of Liquid Biopsy for Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112652"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462321000143","article-title":"Early Economic Evaluation to Guide the Development of a Spectroscopic Liquid Biopsy for the Detection of Brain Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Gray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603518","article-title":"The Potential Role of Podoplanin in Tumour Invasion","volume":"96","author":"Wicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-014-0024-6","article-title":"Podoplanin: A Novel Regulator of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis","volume":"31","author":"Dang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2016.12.004","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346ra92","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6219","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis Detects Minimal Residual Disease and Predicts Recurrence in Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soung, Y.H., Ford, S., Zhang, V., and Chung, J. (2017). Exosomes in Cancer Diagnostics. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9010008"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Szajnik, M., Derbis, M., Lach, M., Patalas, P., Michalak, M., Drzewiecka, H., Szpurek, D., Nowakowski, A., Spaczynski, M., and Baranowski, W. (2013). Exosomes in Plasma of Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma: Potential Biomarkers of Tumor Progression and Response to Therapy. Gynecol. Obstet., 3."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2997","article-title":"The Role of Podoplanin in Tumor Progression and Metastasis","volume":"28","author":"Raica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwata, T., Yoneda, K., Mori, M., Kanayama, M., Kuroda, K., Kaneko, M.K., Kato, Y., and Tanaka, F. (2020). Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) with the \u201cUniversal\u201d CTC-Chip and an Anti-Podoplanin Antibody NZ-1.2. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040888"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21548","article-title":"Free Circulating Tumor DNA as a Diagnostic Marker for Breast Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Hashad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-3148","article-title":"Evaluation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA in Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer: Association with Clinical Endpoints in a Phase II Clinical Trial of Pertuzumab and ErlotinibCTCs and HER Family\u2013Targeted Therapies in NSCLC","volume":"18","author":"Punnoose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29265","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"136","author":"Madic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes, Microvesicles, and Friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.05.010","article-title":"Expression of B-Cell Surface Antigens in Subpopulations of Exosomes Released from B-Cell Lymphoma Cells","volume":"36","author":"Oksvold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degli Esposti, C., Iadarola, B., Maestri, S., Beltrami, C., Lavezzari, D., Morini, M., De Marco, P., Erminio, G., Garaventa, A., and Zara, F. (2021). Exosomes from Plasma of Neuroblastoma Patients Contain Doublestranded DNA Reflecting the Mutational Status of Parental Tumor Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073667"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan, S., Kang, M.-H., Jeyaraj, M., Qasim, M., and Kim, J.-H. (2019). Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040307"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689784","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1689784","article-title":"Large and Small Extracellular Vesicles Released by Glioma Cells in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"9","author":"Yekula","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2942","article-title":"MYC Mediates Large Oncosome-Induced Fibroblast Reprogramming in Prostate Cancer","volume":"77","author":"Minciacchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.183","article-title":"Detection of Phosphatidylserine-Positive Exosomes for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Malignancies","volume":"117","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113872","article-title":"A Pretreatment-Free Electrical Capacitance Biosensor for Exosome Detection in Undiluted Serum","volume":"199","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c04336","article-title":"Hydroxylated Graphene Porous Membrane-Based Biosensor for Exosome Isolation and Detection","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50412-9","article-title":"Chemically Functionalised Graphene FET Biosensor for the Label-Free Sensing of Exosomes","volume":"9","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b01950","article-title":"Electrical and Label-Free Quantification of Exosomes with a Reduced Graphene Oxide Field Effect Transistor Biosensor","volume":"91","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7854","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c18293","article-title":"Carbon-Dot-Enhanced Graphene Field-Effect Transistors for Ultrasensitive Detection of Exosomes","volume":"13","author":"Ramadan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112907","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Stable Self-Powered Biosensing for Exosomes Based on Dual Metal-Organic Frameworks Nanocarriers","volume":"176","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000594","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202000594","article-title":"Rapid and Electronic Identification and Quantification of Age-Specific Circulating Exosomes via Biologically Activated Graphene Transistors","volume":"5","author":"Hajian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11792","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02286","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Functionalized Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Exosome Assay","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05241","article-title":"An Electrochemical Biosensor Designed by Using Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Detection of Glioblastoma-Derived Exosomes with Practical Application","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27203-9","article-title":"Label-Free Detection of Hypoxia-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Secretion from MCF-7 Cells","volume":"8","author":"Kilic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2022.340027","article-title":"Split-Aptamer Mediated Regenerable Temperature-Sensitive Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Tumour Exosomes","volume":"1219","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.10.012","article-title":"Development of an Aptasensor for Electrochemical Detection of Exosomes","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114554","article-title":"Electrochemical Nano-Sensing Interface for Exosomes Analysis and Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"214","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00106","article-title":"Magneto-Mediated Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Analysis of Breast Cancer Exosomal Proteins","volume":"92","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112622","article-title":"Detachable Microfluidic Device Implemented with Electrochemical Aptasensor (DeMEA) for Sequential Analysis of Cancerous Exosomes","volume":"169","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03644","article-title":"Precise Molecular Profiling of Circulating Exosomes Using a Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Based Sensing Interface and an Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Logic Platform","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112482","article-title":"Engineering of Exosome-Triggered Enzyme-Powered DNA Motors for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Detection of Tumor-Derived Exosomes","volume":"167","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9816","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b01237","article-title":"Label-Free Exosome Detection Based on a Low-Cost Plasmonic Biosensor Array Integrated with Microfluidics","volume":"35","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113954","article-title":"Rapid and Sensitive Detection of PD-L1 Exosomes Using Cu-TCPP 2D MOF as a SPR Sensitizer","volume":"201","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112576","article-title":"Development of a Simple, Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Aptasensor for the Detection of Cancer-Derived Exosomes","volume":"169","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113902","article-title":"A Sandwich-Based Evanescent Wave Fluorescent Biosensor for Simple, Real-Time Exosome Detection\u2020","volume":"200","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00890","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Exosome Detection by Modularized SERS Labeling for Postoperative Recurrence Surveillance","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130893","article-title":"Optical Fiber Amplifier and Thermometer Assisted Point-of-Care Biosensor for Detection of Cancerous Exosomes","volume":"351","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.131182","article-title":"Sensitive Fluorescent Sensor for the Fuzzy Exosomes in Serum Based on the Exosome Imprinted Polymer Sandwiched with Aggregation Induced Emission","volume":"358","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12554","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Blood Plasma: Determination of Their Morphology, Size, Phenotype and Concentration","volume":"12","author":"Arraud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Silva, A.C., Zhang, W., Rutigliano, H., and Zhou, A. (2020). Raman Spectroscopy Characterization Extracellular Vesicles from Bovine Placenta and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235214"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2022.106135","article-title":"Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy for Purity Assessment of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"172","author":"Zini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56375-1","article-title":"Detection and Phenotyping of Extracellular Vesicles by Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled with On-Line Fluorescence Detection","volume":"9","author":"Kitka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.08.005","article-title":"Label-Free Quantitative Phase Imaging Reveals Spatial Heterogeneity of Extracellular Vesicles in Select Colon Disorders","volume":"191","author":"Zadka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12191","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12191","article-title":"Imaging of Surface Microdomains on Individual Extracellular Vesicles in 3-D","volume":"11","author":"McNamara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biosensor Recognition Elements","volume":"10","author":"Chambers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senf, B., Yeo, W.H., and Kim, J.H. (2020). Recent Advances in Portable Biosensors for Biomarker Detection in Body Fluids. Biosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10090127"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201601066","article-title":"On-Electrode Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Hierarchical Flower-Like Gold Nanostructures for Efficient Interfacial DNA Assembly and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing of MicroRNA","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.H., Ha, T., Shin, M., Lee, S.N., and Choi, J.W. (2021). Nanomaterial-Based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (Fret) and Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Mef) to Detect Nucleic Acid in Cancer Diagnosis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080928"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.131060","article-title":"Fabrication of MERS-Nanovesicle Biosensor Composed of Multi-Functional DNA Aptamer\/Graphene-MoS2 Nanocomposite Based on Electrochemical and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"352","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01745","article-title":"A Carbon-Based DNA Framework Nano-Bio Interface for Biosensing with High Sensitivity and a High Signal-to-Noise Ratio","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2009.11.020","article-title":"Graphene-Based Modified Electrode for the Direct Electron Transfer of Cytochrome c and Biosensing","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112947","article-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics Aptamer-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Biosensing","volume":"176","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00063","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Holzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.H., Lee, J.H., and Choi, J.W. (2020). Applications of Bionano Sensor for Extracellular Vesicles Analysis. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13173677"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0416-359","article-title":"Exosome Cancer Diagnostic Reaches Market","volume":"34","author":"Biosciences","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127544","article-title":"Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Functionalized MXenes as the Enhanced Dual-Mode Probe for Exosomes Sensing","volume":"305","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greening, D.W., Xu, R., Ji, H., Tauro, B.J., and Simpson, R.J. (2015). A Protocol for Exosome Isolation and Characterization: Evaluation of Ultracentrifugation, Density-Gradient Separation, and Immunoaffinity Capture Methods. Proteomic Profiling, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2550-6_15"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.05.028","article-title":"Integrated Isolation and Quantitative Analysis of Exosome Shuttled Proteins and Nucleic Acids Using Immunocapture Approaches","volume":"87","author":"Zarovni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34113","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0008438","article-title":"Isolation of Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations by a Size-Selective Microfluidic Platform","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2741\/4621","article-title":"Exosome Enrichment by Ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography","volume":"23","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of Ultracentrifugation, Density Gradient Separation, and Immunoaffinity Capture Methods for Isolating Human Colon Cancer Cell Line LIM1863-Derived Exosomes","volume":"56","author":"Tauro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0923-0","article-title":"An Improvised One-Step Sucrose Cushion Ultracentrifugation Method for Exosome Isolation from Culture Supernatants of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435138","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1435138","article-title":"Immunoaffinity-Based Isolation of Melanoma Cell-Derived Exosomes from Plasma of Patients with Melanoma","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"3791","article-title":"Activated Platelets Release Two Types of Membrane Vesicles: Microvesicles by Surface Shedding and Exosomes Derived From Exocytosis of Multivesicular Bodies And-Granules","volume":"94","author":"Heijnen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartjes, T.A., Mytnyk, S., Jenster, G.W., van Steijn, V., and van Royen, M.E. (2019). Extracellular Vesicle Quantification and Characterization: Common Methods and Emerging Approaches. Bioengineering, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6010007"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.116098","article-title":"DNA-Based Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors: From Principles to Applications","volume":"133","author":"Hai","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC\u2014Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114159","article-title":"Rapid Electrochemical Dual-Target Biosensor Composed of an Aptamer\/MXene Hybrid on Au Microgap Electrodes for Cytokines Detection","volume":"207","author":"Noh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"237","article-title":"Colorimetric Biosensors for Point-of-Care Virus Detections","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204688","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Roche SD Biosensor Rapid Antigen Test for SARS-CoV-2 in Municipal Health Service Testing Site, the Netherlands","volume":"27","author":"Igloi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1557\/S088376940006913X","article-title":"Materials for Implantable Electrodes","volume":"11","author":"Bain","year":"1986","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0758-1","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensing Based on Noble Metal Nanoparticles","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1021\/ar7002804","article-title":"Noble Metals on the Nanoscale: Optical and Photothermal Properties and Some Applications in Imaging, Sensing, Biology, and Medicine","volume":"41","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201657","article-title":"V Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications","volume":"12","author":"Doria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN02135K","article-title":"Fabrication of an Electrochemical Biosensor Composed of Multi-Functional Ag Ion Intercalated DNA Four-Way Junctions\/Rhodium Nanoplate Heterolayer on a Micro-Gap for C-Reactive Protein Detection in Human Serum","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.06.070","article-title":"Label-Free Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Composed of Multi-Functional DNA 3 Way Junction on Hollow Au Spike-like Nanoparticles (HAuSN) for Avian Influenza Virus Detection","volume":"182","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.11.001","article-title":"Fluorescence Enhancement for Noble Metal Nanoclusters","volume":"250","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15325d","article-title":"Sub-Nanometre Sized Metal Clusters: From Synthetic Challenges to the Unique Property Discoveries","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, M., Yang, J., Liu, K., Yin, Z., Ma, T., Liu, S., Xu, L., and Wang, S. (2020). Noble Metal Nanostructured Materials for Chemical and Biosensing Systems. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020209"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137383","article-title":"Site Specific Biotinylated Antibody Functionalized Ag@AuNIs LSPR Biosensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Exosomal MCT4, a Glioblastoma Progression Biomarker","volume":"446","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.08.015","article-title":"Emerging Bioanalytical Applications of DNA Walkers","volume":"107","author":"Mason","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5b00142","article-title":"Biosensors Based on Two-Dimensional MoS2","volume":"1","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9451","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b05040","article-title":"Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, J., Shin, M., Lee, T., and Choi, J.-W. (2020). Highly Sensitive Biosensors Based on Biomolecules and Functional Nanomaterials Depending on the Types of Nanomaterials: A Perspective Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020299"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2017.09.012","article-title":"Recent Advance in MXenes: A Promising 2D Material for Catalysis, Sensor and Chemical Adsorption","volume":"352","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2017.08.004","article-title":"MXene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.021","article-title":"MXene: An Emerging Material for Sensing and Biosensing","volume":"105","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7723","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201602328","article-title":"Vertically Conductive MoS2 Spiral Pyramid","volume":"28","author":"Ly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202502","article-title":"Novel Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Two-dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides","volume":"23","author":"Khazaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100782","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Ti3C2Tx MXene: Future Perspectives for on-Site Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(01)00094-X","article-title":"Advances in the Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites: A Review","volume":"61","author":"Thostenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0732676","article-title":"Vacancy Migrations in Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445502","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/44\/445502","article-title":"Reduced Graphene Oxide for Room-Temperature Gas Sensors","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800593m","article-title":"Practical Chemical Sensors from Chemically Derived Graphene","volume":"3","author":"Fowler","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802558y","article-title":"Graphene-Based Ultracapacitors","volume":"8","author":"Stoller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(10)70201-7","article-title":"Electrical Nanogap Devices for Biosensing","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.07.006","article-title":"A Capacitive Biosensor Based on an Interdigitated Electrode with Nanoislands","volume":"844","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1038\/am.2012.42","article-title":"Carbon Nanomaterials Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Biosensors","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2009.06.003","article-title":"Nanostructure-Based Electrical Biosensors","volume":"4","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200903463","article-title":"Carbon Nanomaterials in Biosensors: Should You Use Nanotubes or Graphene?","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606134","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606134","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Framework (MOF)-based Drug\/Cargo Delivery and Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200324t","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Framework Materials as Chemical Sensors","volume":"112","author":"Kreno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1021\/cs400959k","article-title":"Metal Organic Framework Catalysis: Quo Vadis?","volume":"4","author":"Gascon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acs Catal."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111451","article-title":"Nucleic Acids Biosensors Based on Metal-Organic Framework (MOF): Paving the Way to Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis","volume":"141","author":"Osman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1039\/B618320B","article-title":"Hybrid Porous Solids: Past, Present, Future","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.213948","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Cancer Diagnosis in Vitro","volume":"439","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2017.11.013","article-title":"A Novel Graphene Coated Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor with Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) for Sensing DNA Hybridization","volume":"75","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-015-9442-3","article-title":"Sensitivity Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Graphene\u2013MoS2 Hybrid Structure with TiO2\u2013SiO2 Composite Layer","volume":"121","author":"Maurya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104308","article-title":"Encapsulation of Enzyme by Metal-Organic Framework for Single-Enzymatic Biofuel Cell-Based Self-Powered Biosensor","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.08.057","article-title":"A Reagentless and Reusable Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensor for Rapid Detection of Ampicillin in Complex Samples","volume":"176","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11332","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02018","article-title":"Specific Coordination between Zr-MOF and Phosphate-Terminated DNA Coupled with Strand Displacement for the Construction of Reusable and Ultrasensitive Aptasensor","volume":"92","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/8\/648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:10:52Z","timestamp":1760141452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/8\/648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12080648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12080648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]}}}