{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:47:18Z","timestamp":1783972038201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)","award":["CV02211032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV02211032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rise of zoonotic diseases in recent years, there is an urgent need for improved and more accessible screening and diagnostic methods to mitigate future outbreaks. The recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed an over-reliance on RT-PCR, a slow, costly and lab-based method for diagnostics. To better manage the pandemic, a high-throughput, rapid point-of-care device is needed for early detection and isolation of patients. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising solution, as they can be used to perform on-site tests without the need for centralized labs, producing high-throughput and accurate measurements compared to rapid test kits. In this work, we detail important considerations for the use of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of respiratory viruses. Methods of enhancing signal outputs via amplification of the analyte, biorecognition of elements and modification of the transducer are also explained. The use of portable potentiostats and microfluidics chambers that create a miniature lab are also discussed in detail as an alternative to centralized laboratory settings. The state-of-the-art usage of portable potentiostats for detection of viruses is also elaborated and categorized according to detection technique: amperometry, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In terms of integration with microfluidics, RT-LAMP is identified as the preferred method for DNA amplification virus detection. RT-LAMP methods have shorter turnaround times compared to RT-PCR and do not require thermal cycling. Current applications of RT-LAMP for virus detection are also elaborated upon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12080666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T05:18:17Z","timestamp":1661145497000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Portable Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Microcontrollers for Detection of Viruses: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Afiq","family":"Abdul Ghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anis Nurashikin","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munirah","family":"Zulhairee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemical Material and Sensor (EMaS) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adibah","family":"Che Mohamad Nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Shihabuddin Ahmad Noorden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khairul Faisal","family":"Muhamad Atan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7220-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosminazuin","family":"Ab Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainiharyati","family":"Mohd Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemical Material and Sensor (EMaS) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357321722000058","article-title":"The importance of biodiversity risks: Link to zoonotic diseases","volume":"27","author":"Bedenham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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