{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:11:18Z","timestamp":1781237478738,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52003123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52003123"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["92163126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92163126"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["63223030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63223030"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["63223017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63223017"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["52003123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52003123"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["92163126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92163126"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["63223030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63223030"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["63223017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63223017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensing temperature in biological systems is of great importance, as it is constructive to understanding various physiological and pathological processes. However, the realization of highly sensitive temperature sensing with organic fluorescent nanothermometers remains challenging. In this study, we report a ratiometric fluorescent nanogel thermometer and study its application in the determination of bactericidal temperature. The nanogel is composed of a polarity-sensitive aggregation-induced emission luminogen with dual emissions, a thermoresponsive polymer with a phase transition function, and an ionic surface with net positive charges. During temperature-induced phase transition, the nanogel exhibits a reversible and sensitive spectral change between a red-emissive state and a blue-emissive state by responding to the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic change in the local environment. The correlation between the emission intensity ratio of the two states and the external temperature is delicately established, and the maximum relative thermal sensitivities of the optimal nanogel are determined to be 128.42 and 68.39% \u00b0C\u22121 in water and a simulated physiological environment, respectively. The nanogel is further applied to indicate the bactericidal temperature in both visual and ratiometric ways, holding great promise in the rapid prediction of photothermal antibacterial effects and other temperature-related biological events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12090702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1662004538000},"page":"702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Ratiometric Organic Fluorescent Nanogel Thermometer for Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/35007527","article-title":"Towards a Molecular Understanding of Adaptive Thermogenesis","volume":"404","author":"Lowell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15912","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403232111","article-title":"Scaling Laws Governing Stochastic Growth and Division of Single Bacterial Cells","volume":"111","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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