{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:32:45Z","timestamp":1781011965074,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK 2232 International Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["118C391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["118C391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK 2232 International Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101003361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK 2232 International Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["120N019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120N019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship","award":["118C391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["118C391"]}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship","award":["101003361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003361"]}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship","award":["120N019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120N019"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Individual Fellowship","award":["118C391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["118C391"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Individual Fellowship","award":["101003361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003361"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Individual Fellowship","award":["120N019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120N019"]}]},{"name":"Royal Academy Newton-Katip \u00c7elebi Transforming Systems","award":["118C391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["118C391"]}]},{"name":"Royal Academy Newton-Katip \u00c7elebi Transforming Systems","award":["101003361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003361"]}]},{"name":"Royal Academy Newton-Katip \u00c7elebi Transforming Systems","award":["120N019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120N019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human tear film, with a flow rate of 1\u20133 \u00b5L\/min, is a rich bodily fluid that transmits a variety of metabolites and hormones containing proteins, lipids and electrolytes that provide clues about ocular and systemic diseases. Analysis of disease biomarkers such as proteins, mRNA, enzymes and cytokines in the tear film, collected by noninvasive methods, can provide significant results for sustaining a predictive, preventive and personalized medicine regarding various diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, keratoconus, dry eye, cancer, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and COVID-19. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers a powerful technique for analyzing these biomarkers. EIS detects electrical equivalent circuit parameters related to biorecognition of receptor\u2013analyte interactions on the electrode surface. This method is advantageous as it performs a label-free detection and allows the detection of non-electroactive compounds that cannot be detected by direct electron transfer, such as hormones and some proteins. Here, we review the opportunities regarding the integration of EIS into tear fluid sampling approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Emerging Applications of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Tear Film Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Berin","family":"Ozdalgic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Division of Optometry, School of Med Services & Techniques, Dogus University, Istanbul 34775, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9759-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munire","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihni Onur","family":"Uygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazente","family":"At\u00e7eken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savas","family":"Tasoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Istanbul 34684, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Ko\u00e7 University Ar\u00e7elik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.198","article-title":"Identification of tear-based protein and non-protein biomarkers: Its application in diagnosis of human diseases using biosensors","volume":"193","author":"Nandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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