{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1788469127526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"KAUST smart health initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a life-threatening condition that causes millions of deaths every year. In this study, a transistor-based biosensor is developed for rapid and sensitive detection of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), a diagnostic biomarker of AMI. A biosensing technique based on a field effect transistor (FET), which uses indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) as an excellent semiconducting channel, is integrated with nanosheet materials to detect cTnI. Porous carbon nitride (PCN) decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is used as a bridge between the solid-state device and the biorecognition element. We demonstrate that this biosensor is highly sensitive and has an experimental limit of detection of 0.0066 ng\/mL and a dynamic range of 0.01 ng\/mL\u20131000 ng\/mL. This is the first report of a semiconducting metal oxide FET cardiac biomarker sensor combined with PCN for the detection of cTnI. The reported compact microsystem paves the way for rapid and inexpensive detection of cardiac biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Graphitic Carbon Nitride and IGZO Bio-FET for Rapid Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Walaa","family":"Khushaim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1386-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mani Teja","family":"Vijjapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Sensor Systems Division, Silicon Austria Labs (SAL), High Tech Campus, 9524 Villach, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9187-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saravanan","family":"Yuvaraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-7398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerappan","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled Nabil","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00684-X","article-title":"The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: Reducing the global burden by 2030","volume":"397","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114680","article-title":"Multiplexed sensing techniques for cardiovascular disease biomarkers\u2014A review","volume":"216","author":"Mani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31992-5","article-title":"NCD Countdown 2030: Worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4","volume":"392","author":"Countdown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100234","article-title":"Porous graphitic carbon nitrides integrated biosensor for sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I","volume":"12","author":"Khushaim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron. X"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30318-3","article-title":"World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: Revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions","volume":"7","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khushaim, W., Mani, V., Peramaiya, K., Huang, K.-W., and Salama, K.N. (2022). Ruthenium and Nickel Molybdate-Decorated 2D Porous Graphitic Carbon Nitrides for Highly Sensitive Cardiac Troponin Biosensor. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100783"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3690","article-title":"Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: A review","volume":"6","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01989H","article-title":"A label-free aptasensor FET based on Au nanoparticle decorated Co3O4 nanorods and a SWCNT layer for detection of cardiac troponin T protein","volume":"8","author":"Surya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1606915","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction","volume":"376","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.02.010","article-title":"Electrochemical cardiovascular platforms: Current state of the art and beyond","volume":"131","author":"Szunerits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.138489","article-title":"Binary transition metal oxide modified laser-scribed graphene electrochemical aptasensor for the accurate and sensitive screening of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"386","author":"Rauf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.2371","article-title":"Flexible low-cost cardiovascular risk marker biosensor for point-of-care applications","volume":"51","author":"Sivashankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112621","article-title":"A review of biosensor technologies for blood biomarkers toward monitoring cardiovascular diseases at the point-of-care","volume":"171","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2020.105794","article-title":"Organic-based field effect transistors for protein detection fabricated by inkjet-printing","volume":"84","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00811J","article-title":"Organic field-effect transistor-based flexible sensors","volume":"49","author":"Yuvaraja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.027","article-title":"Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) in environmental sensing and health monitoring: A review","volume":"111","author":"Surya","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC-Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.116067","article-title":"Biosensing based on field-effect transistors (FET): Recent progress and challenges","volume":"133","author":"Sadighbayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-021-01352-5","article-title":"A study of an ultrasensitive label free silicon nanowire FET biosensor for cardiac troponin I detection","volume":"14","author":"Prakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00734-9","article-title":"Rapid single-molecule detection of COVID-19 and MERS antigens via nanobody-functionalized organic electrochemical transistors","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.06.010","article-title":"Graphene-based enzyme-modified field-effect transistor biosensor for monitoring drug effects in Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment","volume":"272","author":"Chae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40460","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c06546","article-title":"Highly Selective Self-Powered Organic\u2013Inorganic Hybrid Heterojunction of a Halide Perovskite and InGaZnO NO2 Sensor","volume":"13","author":"Vijjapu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129450","article-title":"Towards a low cost fully integrated IGZO TFT NO2 detection and quantification: A solution-processed approach","volume":"331","author":"Vijjapu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2016.2646379","article-title":"IGZO-TFT biosensors for Epstein\u2013Barr virus protein detection","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090603","DOI":"10.7567\/1347-4065\/ab1a65","article-title":"IGZO MESFET with enzyme-modified Schottky gate electrode for glucose sensing","volume":"58","author":"Kaczmarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112565","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors using laser-derived graphene: A comprehensive review","volume":"168","author":"Lahcen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.137756","article-title":"Rational construction of novel strontium hexaferrite decorated graphitic carbon nitrides for highly sensitive detection of neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide in fruits","volume":"371","author":"Rajaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NH00046A","article-title":"Porous graphitic carbon nitride for solar photocatalytic applications","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24865","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c04597","article-title":"Design and Fabrication of Yttrium Ferrite Garnet-Embedded Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Sensitive Electrocatalyst for Smartphone-Enabled Point-of-Care Pesticide (Mesotrione) Analysis in Food Samples","volume":"13","author":"Rajaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01696","article-title":"Direct growth of vertically-oriented graphene for field-effect transistor biosensor","volume":"3","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100812","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202100812","article-title":"Optically and Electrocatalytically Decoupled Si Photocathodes with a Porous Carbon Nitride Catalyst for Nitrogen Reduction with Over 61.8% Faradaic Efficiency","volume":"33","author":"Peramaiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9869","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02312","article-title":"Electrochemical aptasensor of cardiac troponin I for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"87","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b02318","article-title":"Fully Integrated Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide NO2 Gas Detector","volume":"5","author":"Vijjapu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberhaus, F.V., Frense, D., and Beckmann, D. (2020). Immobilization techniques for aptamers on gold electrodes for the electrochemical detection of proteins: A Review. Biosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10050045"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.11.016","article-title":"Development of cardiac troponin-I biosensor based on boron nitride quantum dots including molecularly imprinted polymer","volume":"126","author":"Yola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1076-9","article-title":"A novel fluorescent aptasensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of cardiac troponin I based on a graphene oxide platform","volume":"410","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.09.131","article-title":"Substrate-gate coupling in ZnO-FET biosensor for cardiac troponin I detection","volume":"242","author":"Fathil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.09.018","article-title":"High sensitivity cardiac troponin I detection in physiological environment using AlGaN\/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) Biosensors","volume":"100","author":"Sarangadharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b05018","article-title":"Single Drop Whole Blood Diagnostics: Portable Biomedical Sensor for Cardiac Troponin I Detection","volume":"90","author":"Sarangadharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/10\/836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:34Z","timestamp":1760143654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/10\/836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12100836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12100836","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]}}}