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The proposed method involves the combined application of a glassy carbon electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide, chitosan and bismuth film (Bi-rGO-CTS\/GCE) via square-wave voltammetry using 0.04 mol L\u22121 Britton\u2013Robinson buffer solution (pH 4.0). The application of the technique yielded low limit of detection of 24 \u00d7 10\u22129 mol L\u22121 and linear concentration range of 2.5 \u00d7 10\u22127 to 8.2 \u00d7 10\u22126 mol L\u22121. The Bi-rGO-CTS\/GCE sensor was successfully applied for the detection of 3-methylmorphine in the presence of other compounds, including paracetamol and caffeine. The results obtained also showed that the application of the sensor for 3-methylmorphine detection did not experience any significant interference in the presence of silicon dioxide, povidone, cellulose, magnesium stearate, urea, ascorbic acid, humic acid and croscarmellose. The applicability of the Bi-rGO-CTS\/GCE sensor for the detection of 3-methylmorphine was evaluated using synthetic urine, serum, and river water samples through addition and recovery tests, and the results obtained were found to be similar to those obtained for the high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC)\u2014used as a reference method. The findings of this study show that the proposed voltammetric method is a simple, fast and highly efficient alternative technique for the detection of 3-methylmorphine in both biological and environmental samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T05:31:18Z","timestamp":1665552678000},"page":"860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Voltammetric Determination of 3-Methylmorphine Using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with rGO and Bismuth Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ademar","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila A.","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tha\u00edsa A.","family":"Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria H. A.","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando C.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6173-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria D. P. T.","family":"Sotomayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11563","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c00773","article-title":"Electrochemical Detection of Morphine in Untreated Human Capillary Whole Blood","volume":"6","author":"Verrinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratiwi, R., Noviana, E., Fauziati, R., Carr\u00e3o, D.B., Gandhi, F.A., Majid, M.A., and Saputri, F.A. (2021). A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination. 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