{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:18:46Z","timestamp":1765610326065,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2321-B-003-001-","MOST 108-2321-B-003-001-","MOST 109-2321-B-003-001-","MOST 107-2320-B-003-003-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2321-B-003-001-","MOST 108-2321-B-003-001-","MOST 109-2321-B-003-001-","MOST 107-2320-B-003-003-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The most convincing biomarkers in the blood for AD are currently \u03b2-amyloid (A\u03b2) and Tau protein because amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks in the brains of patients with AD. The development of assay technologies in diagnosing early-stage AD is very important. The study of human AD subjects is hindered by ethical and technical limitations. Thus, many studies have therefore turned to AD animal models, such as Drosophila melanogaster, to explore AD pathology. However, AD biomarkers such as A\u03b2 and p-Tau protein in Drosophilamelanogaster occur at extremely low levels and are difficult to detect precisely. In this study, we applied the immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) technology of nanoparticles for the detection of p-Tau expressions in hTauR406W flies, an AD Drosophila model. Furthermore, we used IMR technology as a biosensor in the therapeutic evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines in hTauR406W flies with Tau-induced toxicity. To uncover the pathogenic pathway and identify therapeutic interventions of Chinese herbal medicines in Tau-induced toxicity, we modeled tauopathy in the notum of hTauR406W flies. Our IMR data showed that the selected Chinese herbal medicines can significantly reduce p-Tau expressions in hTauR406W flies. Using evidence of notal bristle quantification and Western blotting analysis, we confirmed the validity of the IMR data. Thus, we suggest that IMR can serve as a new tool for measuring tauopathy and therapeutic evaluation of Chinese herbal medicine in an AD Drosophila model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1666041111000},"page":"883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Applications of Immunomagnetic Reduction Technology as a Biosensor in Therapeutic Evaluation of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Tauopathy Alleviation of an AD Drosophila Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ming-Tsan","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Wen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Sin","family":"Jheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shieh-Yueh","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MagQu Co., Ltd., Taipei 11231, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu-Chang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., New Taipei City 231632, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City 231632, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4470-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Hsin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22100","article-title":"Amyloid and tau proteins in cortical brain biopsy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Leinonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939052","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1939052","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of the Herbal Formula B401 in Both Cell and Mouse Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. eCAM"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545169","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3545169","article-title":"Protective Effects of Wogonin against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Inhibition of Amyloidogenic Pathway","volume":"2017","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. eCAM"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G192","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.00G192","article-title":"Applications of digital holographic microscopy in therapeutic evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2016.24.2.2","article-title":"Drosophila melanogaster: Deciphering Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med Sci. MJMS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.11.089","article-title":"Drosophila notal bristle as a novel assessment tool for pathogenic study of Tau toxicity and screening of therapeutic compounds","volume":"391","author":"Yeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666190321163438","article-title":"Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M.T., Jheng, Y.S., Lu, C.W., Wu, W.J., Yang, S.Y., Chuang, W.C., Lee, M.C., and Wu, C.H. (2022). Neurotherapy of Yi-Gan-San, a Traditional Herbal Medicine, in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Model of Drosophila melanogaster by Alleviating A\u03b242 Expression. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11040572"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1586\/14789450.5.2.207","article-title":"Biochemistry of Tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related neurological disorders","volume":"5","author":"Sergeant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00157-3","article-title":"Conformational change as one of the earliest alterations of tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Weaver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00070-3","article-title":"CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Olsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170680","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Early and Differential Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Diagnosis","volume":"62","author":"Bjerke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2478845","article-title":"Immunomagnetic Reduction Assay on Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin for Screening of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Chieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-017-0075-7","article-title":"Detection of Plasma Biomarkers Using Immunomagnetic Reduction: A Promising Method for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062382","article-title":"Tauopathy in Drosophila: Neurodegeneration without neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"293","author":"Wittmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-018-0962-4","article-title":"Neurofibrillary tangles mediated human neuronal tauopathies: Insights from fly models","volume":"97","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.H., Hsu, M.H., Lee, K.H., and Yang, S.Y. (2022). Development of a 36-channel instrument for assaying biomarkers of ultralow concentrations utilizing immunomagnetic reduction. ACS Meas. Sci.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.2c00030"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K.W., Chen, H.H., Yang, H.C., Horng, H.E., Liao, S.H., Yang, S.Y., Chieh, J.J., and Wang, L.M. (2012). Discriminating hepatocellular carcinoma in rats using a high-Tc SQUID detected nuclear resonance spectrometer in a magnetic shielding box. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047057"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"136","article-title":"Association of total tau and phosphorylated tau 181 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid with cerebral atrophy in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease","volume":"34","author":"Thomann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci. JPN"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/10\/883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:42Z","timestamp":1760144142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/12\/10\/883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["bios12100883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios12100883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6374"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}