{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:50:17Z","timestamp":1791600617597,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antibiotic drug trimethoprim (TMP) is used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals, and frequently TMP is used along with sulfonamides. However, a large portion of TMP is excreted in its active state, which poses a severe problem to humans and the environment. A sensitive, rapid, cost-effective analytical tool is required to monitor the TMP concentration in biological and environmental samples. Hence, this study proposed an analytical methodology to analyze TMP in clinical, biological and environmental samples. The investigations were carried out using a glucose-modified carbon paste electrode (G-CPE) employing voltammetric techniques. Electrochemical behavior was examined with 0.5 mM TMP solution at optimum pH 3.4 (Phosphate Buffer Solution, I = 0.2 M). The influence of scan rate on the electro-oxidation of TMP was studied within the range of 0.05 to 0.55 V\/s. The effect of pH and scan rate variations revealed proton transfer during oxidation. Moreover, diffusion phenomena governed the irreversibility of the electrode reaction. A probable and suitable electrode interaction and reaction mechanism was proposed for the electrochemical oxidation of TMP. Further, the TMP was quantitatively estimated with the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique in the concentration range from 9.0 \u00d7 10\u22127 to 1.0 \u00d7 10\u22124 M. The tablet, spiked water and urine analysis demonstrated that the selected method and developed electrode were rapid, simple, sensitive, and cost-effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T20:43:50Z","timestamp":1666557830000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Glucose Incorporated Graphite Matrix for Electroanalysis of Trimethoprim"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rakesh R.","family":"Sawkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad 580001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh M.","family":"Shanbhag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi 580027, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh M.","family":"Tuwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad 580001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra S.","family":"Veerapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, Malawi Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Limbe 5196, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagaraj P.","family":"Shetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi 580031, India"},{"name":"University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1039\/an9921701425","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of some antibacterial drugs in Isosensitest broth using high-performance liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction","volume":"117","author":"Taylor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2865","article-title":"Correlation of trimethoprim and brodimoprim physicochemical and lipid membrane interaction properties with their accumulation in human neutrophils","volume":"40","author":"Fresta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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