{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:52:17Z","timestamp":1782978737800,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)","award":["H19H6a0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H19H6a0025"]}]},{"name":"Bio-Medical Research Council of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)","award":["H19H6a0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H19H6a0025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More than half of all pleural effusions are due to malignancy of which lung cancer is the main cause. Pleural effusions can complicate the course of pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, or underlying systemic disease. We explore the application of label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a point of care (POC) diagnostic tool to identify if pleural effusions are due to lung cancer or to other causes (controls). Lung cancer samples showed specific SERS spectral signatures such as the position and intensity of the Raman band in different wave number region using a novel silver coated silicon nanopillar (SCSNP) as a SERS substrate. We report a classification accuracy of 85% along with a sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 83%, respectively, for the detection of lung cancer over control pleural fluid samples with a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) area under curve value of 0.93 using a PLS-DA binary classifier to distinguish between lung cancer over control subjects. We have also evaluated discriminative wavenumber bands responsible for the distinction between the two classes with the help of a variable importance in projection (VIP) score. We found that our label-free SERS platform was able to distinguish lung cancer from pleural effusions due to other causes (controls) with higher diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12110940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T23:45:00Z","timestamp":1667087100000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Machine Learning Assisted Real-Time Label-Free SERS Diagnoses of Malignant Pleural Effusion due to Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7350-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayakumar","family":"Perumal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pyng","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National University Hospital, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kapil","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hann Qian","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U. S.","family":"Dinish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malini","family":"Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics, 2012","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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