{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T07:45:16Z","timestamp":1788594316149,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite all the psychological advantages of alprazolam, its long list of toxic properties and interactions has caused concern and highlighted the need for a reliable sensing method. In this study, we developed a simple, highly sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor to determine the desirable dose of alprazolam, averting the undesirable consequences of overdose. Gold nanourchins (AuNUs) and iron-nickel reduced graphene oxide (Fe-Ni@rGO) were immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode, which was treated beforehand. The electrode surface was characterized using cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy\/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry. The fabricated sensor showed two linear ranges (4 to 500 \u00b5g L\u22121 and 1 to 50 mg L\u22121), low limit of detection (1 \u00b5g L\u22121), high sensitivity, good repeatability, and good recovery. Increased \u2013OH and carboxyl (-COOH) groups on the electrode surface, resulting in improved the adsorption of alprazolam and thus lower limit of detection. This nanobiosensor could detect alprazolam powder dissolved in diluted blood serum; we also studied other benzodiazepine drugs (clonazepam, oxazepam, and diazepam) with this nanobiosensor, and results were sensible, with a significant difference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12110945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1667200006000},"page":"945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Alprazolam Detection Using an Electrochemical Nanobiosensor Based on AuNUs\/Fe-Ni@rGO Nanocomposite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emadoddin Amin","family":"Sadrabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8915173143, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Benvidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8628-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Shiralizadeh Dezfuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran"},{"name":"Ronash Technology Pars Company, Tehran 1439817435, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pouria","family":"Khashayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G3 8QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7525-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Khashayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microsystem Technology, Imec and Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Azimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8915173143, Iran"},{"name":"Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8916877391, Iran"},{"name":"Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8916877391, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system\u2013mediated effects","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2013.538","article-title":"The history of benzodiazepines","volume":"28","author":"Wick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Consult. 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