{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:48:15Z","timestamp":1789235295118,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51503168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51503168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020PT-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PT-043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Plan of Shaanxi, China","award":["51503168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51503168"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Plan of Shaanxi, China","award":["2020PT-043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PT-043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactate, a crucial product of the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body, is of enormous significance in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and scientific exercise management. The level of lactate in the bio-fluid is a crucial health indicator because it is related to diseases, such as hypoxia, metabolic disorders, renal failure, heart failure, and respiratory failure. For critically ill patients and those who need to regularly control lactate levels, it is vital to develop a non-invasive wearable sensor to detect lactate levels in matrices other than blood. Due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, low detection limit, simplicity of use, and ability to identify target molecules in the presence of interfering chemicals, biosensing is a potential analytical approach for lactate detection that has received increasing attention. Various types of wearable lactate biosensors are reviewed in this paper, along with their preparation, key properties, and commonly used flexible substrate materials including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper, and textiles. Key performance indicators, including sensitivity, linear detection range, and detection limit, are also compared. The challenges for future development are also summarized, along with some recommendations for the future development of lactate biosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T01:52:34Z","timestamp":1670982754000},"page":"1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro\/Nano Textile Materials, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengkun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro\/Nano Textile Materials, Xi\u2019an Polytechnic University, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Knitting Technology of the Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, 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