{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:21:47Z","timestamp":1773444107991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology","award":["BT\/PR10638\/PFN\/20\/826\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR10638\/PFN\/20\/826\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology","award":["No. SR\/NM\/NS-1144\/2013 (G)]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SR\/NM\/NS-1144\/2013 (G)]"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["BT\/PR10638\/PFN\/20\/826\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR10638\/PFN\/20\/826\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology","award":["No. SR\/NM\/NS-1144\/2013 (G)]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SR\/NM\/NS-1144\/2013 (G)]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herein, we report the synthesis and functionalization of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3 NPs) to fabricate a highly efficient immunosensor for the detection of Vibrio cholera toxin (CT). Gd2O3 NPs were produced in a straightforward manner utilizing the microwave irradiation technique using a domestic microwave oven. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the structural and physical aspects of Gd2O3 NPs. The Gd2O3 NPs were then functionalized with 3-(Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and electrophoretically deposited onto an ITO-coated glass substrate. The anti-CT monoclonal antibodies were covalently attached to the APTES-Gd2O3\/ITO electrode via EDC-NHS chemistry, followed by bovine serum albumin (BSA). For CT detection, electrochemical response experiments using BSA\/anti-CT\/APTES-Gd2O3\/ITO immunoelectrodes were carried out (5\u2013700 ng mL\u22121). The immunoelectrode demonstrated an outstanding electrochemical reaction against CT, with a sensitivity of 8.37 mA ng\u22121 mL cm\u22122 and a detection limit of 1.48 ng mL\u22121.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:21:54Z","timestamp":1674616914000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Amine Functionalized Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Cholera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0895-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46637, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6796-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamal","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pratima R.","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00063","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Holzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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