{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:24Z","timestamp":1787027664426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)\/Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC)\u2014Mintek","award":["85102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85102"]}]},{"name":"South African Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)\/Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC)\u2014Mintek","award":["138331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138331"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)\u2014South African Research Chair Initiative (SARChI)","award":["85102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85102"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)\u2014South African Research Chair Initiative (SARChI)","award":["138331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138331"]}]},{"name":"The Thuthuka funding framework from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","award":["85102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85102"]}]},{"name":"The Thuthuka funding framework from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa","award":["138331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138331"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) is an important natural female hormone that is also classified as an estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compound (e-EDC). It is, however, known to cause more damaging health effects compared to other e-EDCs. Environmental water systems are commonly contaminated with E2 that originates from domestic effluents. The determination of the level of E2 is thus very crucial in both wastewater treatment and in the aspect of environmental pollution management. In this work, an inherent and strong affinity of the estrogen receptor-\u03b1 (ER-\u03b1) for E2 was used as a basis for the development of a biosensor that was highly selective towards E2 determination. A gold disk electrode (AuE) was functionalised with a 3-mercaptopropionic acid-capped tin selenide (SnSe-3MPA) quantum dot to produce a SnSe-3MPA\/AuE electroactive sensor platform. The ER-\u03b1-based biosensor (ER-\u03b1\/SnSe-3MPA\/AuE) for E2 was produced by the amide chemistry of carboxyl functional groups of SnSe-3MPA quantum dots and the primary amines of ER-\u03b1. The ER-\u03b1\/SnSe-3MPA\/AuE receptor-based biosensor exhibited a formal potential (E0\u2032) value of 217 \u00b1 12 mV, assigned as the redox potential for monitoring the E2 response using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The response parameters of the receptor-based biosensor for E2 include a dynamic linear range (DLR) value of 1.0\u20138.0 nM (R2 = 0.99), a limit of detection (LOD) value of 1.69 nM (S\/N = 3), and a sensitivity of 0.04 \u00b5A\/nM. The biosensor exhibited high selectivity for E2 and good recoveries for E2 determination in milk samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T01:59:43Z","timestamp":1675907983000},"page":"242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Quantum Dot-Sensitised Estrogen Receptor-\u03b1-Based Biosensor for 17\u03b2-Estradiol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4425-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abongile N.","family":"Jijana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, Johannesburg 2125, South Africa"},{"name":"SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usisipho","family":"Feleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, P\/Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Ndangili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Material Science, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi P.O. Box 52428-00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-874X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mawethu","family":"Bilibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0899-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel F.","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-0433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel I.","family":"Iwuoha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.09.018","article-title":"A novel electrochemical enzyme biosensor for detection of 17\u03b2-estradiol by mediated electron-transfer system","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682012","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.682012","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Menopause: The Role of Estradiol","volume":"12","author":"Geraci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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