{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:31:57Z","timestamp":1791577917963,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304\/CIPPM\/6315316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/CIPPM\/6315316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) genes are bacteria strains generated from Gram-positive bacteria and resistant to one of the glycopeptides antibiotics, commonly, vancomycin. VRE genes have been identified worldwide and exhibit considerable phenotypic and genotypic variations. There are six identified phenotypes of vancomycin-resistant genes: VanA, VanB, VanC, VanD, VanE, and VanG. The VanA and VanB strains are often found in the clinical laboratory because they are very resistant to vancomycin. VanA bacteria can pose significant issues for hospitalized patients due to their ability to spread to other Gram-positive infections, which changes their genetic material to increase their resistance to the antibiotics used during treatment. This review summarizes the established methods for detecting VRE strains utilizing traditional, immunoassay, and molecular approaches and then focuses on potential electrochemical DNA biosensors to be developed. However, from the literature search, no information was reported on developing electrochemical biosensors for detecting VRE genes; only the electrochemical detection of vancomycin-susceptible bacteria was reported. Thus, strategies to create robust, selective, and miniaturized electrochemical DNA biosensor platforms to detect VRE genes are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:56:02Z","timestamp":1676861762000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Review of Detection Methods for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Genes: From Conventional Approaches to Potentially Electrochemical DNA Biosensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nor Dyana","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hairul Hisham","family":"Hamzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5152-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Luqman","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4874-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venugopal","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairunisak","family":"Abdul Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S54125","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management","volume":"8","author":"Crank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. 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