{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T23:02:11Z","timestamp":1788390131985,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bitterness is one of the basic tastes, and sensing bitterness plays a significant role in mammals recognizing toxic substances. The bitter taste of food and oral medicines may decrease consumer compliance. As a result, many efforts have been made to mask or decrease the bitterness in food and oral pharmaceutical products. The detection of bitterness is critical to evaluate how successful the taste-masking technology is, and many novel taste-sensing systems have been developed on the basis of various interaction mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the progress of bitterness response mechanisms and the development of novel sensors in detecting bitterness ranging from commercial electronic devices based on modified electrodes to micro-type sensors functionalized with taste cells, polymeric membranes, and other materials in the last two decades. The challenges and potential solutions to improve the taste sensor quality are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13040414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1679627806000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Recent Advances in Bitterness-Sensing Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Langley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaylord Chemical Company LLC, 1404 Greengate Dr, Ste 100, Covington, LA 70433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.12.126","article-title":"Postnatal development of bitter taste avoidance behavior in mice is associated with ACTIN-dependent localization of bitter taste receptors to the microvilli of taste cells","volume":"495","author":"Yamashita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. 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