{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:54:21Z","timestamp":1789606461944,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Targeted Support Grant for Technology Development (TSGTD), Michigan State University Foundation","award":["02782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02782"]}]},{"name":"USDA Hatch","award":["02782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02782"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most prevalent causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide is staphylococcal food poisoning. This study aimed to provide a robust method to extract the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus from food samples using glycan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Then, a cost-effective multi-probe genomic biosensor was designed to detect the nuc gene of S. aureus rapidly in different food matrices. This biosensor utilized gold nanoparticles and two DNA oligonucleotide probes combined to produce a plasmonic\/colorimetric response to inform users if the sample was positive for S. aureus. In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of the biosensor were determined. For the specificity trials, the S. aureus biosensor was compared with the extracted DNA of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), and Bacillus cereus. The sensitivity tests showed that the biosensor could detect as low as 2.5 ng\/\u00b5L of the target DNA with a linear range of up to 20 ng\/\u00b5L of DNA. With further research, this simple and cost-effective biosensor can rapidly identify foodborne pathogens from large-volume samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T10:08:41Z","timestamp":1685700521000},"page":"608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Multi-Probe Nano-Genomic Biosensor to Detect S. aureus from Magnetically-Extracted Food Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chelsie","family":"Boodoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Biosensors Lab, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Dester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Biosensors Lab, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeswin","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Biosensors Lab, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Biosensors Lab, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3086-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabin","family":"KC","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Consulting Center, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelyn C.","family":"Alocilja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Biosensors Lab, Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Global Alliance for Rapid Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 26). First Formal Meeting of the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG): Implementing Strategy, Setting Priorities and Assigning the Tasks. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241596763."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wadstr\u00f6m, T., and Ljungh, \u00c5. (2013). Food Associated Pathogens, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00311.x","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Its Food Poisoning Toxins: Characterization and Outbreak Investigation","volume":"36","author":"Hennekinne","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007951","article-title":"An Extensive Outbreak of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Due to Low-Fat Milk in Japan: Estimation of Enterotoxin A in the Incriminated Milk and Powdered Skim Milk","volume":"130","author":"Asao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-59.5.559","article-title":"Enterotoxin H in Staphylococcal Food Poisoning","volume":"59","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1997). Outbreak of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Associated with Precooked Ham\u2014Florida, 1997. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 46, 1189\u20131191."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410490266410","article-title":"Bacterial Separation and Concentration from Complex Sample Matrices: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20919","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06446","article-title":"Magnetically Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Based on Aptamer Recognition","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-012-0824-3","article-title":"Recent Developments in Rapid Multiplexed Bioanalytical Methods for Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Detection","volume":"178","author":"Roda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(98)00060-9","article-title":"Significance of Microbial Biofilms in Food Industry: A Review","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(01)00255-X","article-title":"Separation of Listeria from Cheese and Enrichment Media Using Antibody-Coated Microbeads and Centrifugation","volume":"46","author":"Kuchta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070534j","article-title":"Electrophoretic and Dielectrophoretic Field Gradient Technique for Separating Bioparticles","volume":"79","author":"Pysher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.02.004","article-title":"The Filtration\u2013Acclimatization Method for Isolation of an Important Fraction of the Not Readily Cultivable Bacteria","volume":"57","author":"Hahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.05.043","article-title":"A Rapid Method for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens by Extraction of a Trace Amount of DNA from Raw Milk Based on Amino-Modified Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"787","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2009.11.006","article-title":"Bacteria Capture, Lysate Clearance, and Plasmid DNA Extraction Using PH-Sensitive Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"398","author":"Shan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2015.1974","article-title":"Development of Magnetic Nanoparticles Based Nucleic Acid Extraction Method and Application in Hepatitis C Virus Chemiluminescent Detection","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2021.100100","article-title":"Biosensors Applications in Medical Field: A Brief Review","volume":"2","author":"Haleem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6041325","article-title":"Recent Developments in Antibody-Based Assays for the Detection of Bacterial Toxins","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.01.041","article-title":"Biosensors Based on Modularly Designed Synthetic Peptides for Recognition, Detection and Live\/Dead Differentiation of Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.10.017","article-title":"A New Aptamer\/Graphene Interdigitated Gold Electrode Piezoelectric Sensor for Rapid and Specific Detection of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"65","author":"Lian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2011.633186","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B by Two-Dimensional Molecularly Imprinted Film-Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.047","article-title":"Rapid and Low-Cost Biosensor for the Detection of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"90","author":"Suaifan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107388","article-title":"Rapid Enrichment and Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk Using Polyethyleneimine Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"178","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.10.102","article-title":"Development of a Rapid and Sensitive Immunosensor for the Detection of Bacteria","volume":"221","author":"Verdoodt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00010-7","article-title":"Spectral Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Milk","volume":"75","author":"Homola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dester, E., and Alocilja, E. (2022). Current Methods for Extraction and Concentration of Foodborne Bacteria with Glycan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020112"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2018.2865384","article-title":"Impedance and Magnetohydrodynamic Measurements for Label Free Detection and Differentiation of E. Coli and S. Aureus Using Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Zeeshan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35369e","article-title":"A Facile and Sensitive Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria Using Magnetic Nanoparticles and Optical Nanocrystal Probes","volume":"137","author":"Joo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1628-9","article-title":"Innovative Developments in Bacterial Detection with Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"176","author":"Bohara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00063a018","article-title":"Detection and Removal of Escherichia Coli Using Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Conjugated Monoclonal Antibody Immobilized on Bacterial Magnetic Particles","volume":"65","author":"Nakamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briceno, R.K., Sergent, S.R., Benites, S.M., and Alocilja, E.C. (2019). Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing Assay for Universally Accessible Low-Cost TB Detection with Comparable Sensitivity as Culture. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040222"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2023.100066","article-title":"Influence of Biological and Environmental Factors in the Extraction and Concentration of Foodborne Pathogens Using Glycan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"86","author":"Boodoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Protect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00178H","article-title":"Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nano-Bioprobes: Electronic Structures, Optical Properties, and Biodetection","volume":"44","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2020.100382","article-title":"Review: Applications of Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence (SEF) Spectroscopy in Bio-Detection and Biosensing","volume":"30","author":"Sultangaziyev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022, July 29). Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal Causes of Bovine Mastitis. Available online: https:\/\/www.journalofdairyscience.org\/article\/S0022-0302(01)74574-2\/pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-015-0014-z","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle-Labeled Biosensor for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30011","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229783","article-title":"Microfluidics Integrated Biosensors: A Leading Technology towards Lab-on-a-Chip and Sensing Applications","volume":"15","author":"Luka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiedrowski, M.R., Crosby, H.A., Hernandez, F.J., Malone, C.L., McNamara, J.O., and Horswill, A.R. (2014). Staphylococcus aureus Nuc2 Is a Functional, Surface-Attached Extracellular Nuclease. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095574"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2012.09.003","article-title":"Characterization and Comparative Analysis of a Second Thermonuclease from Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"168","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02768.x","article-title":"PCR-based Procedures for Detection and Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus and Their Application in Food","volume":"100","author":"Vicedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(02)00150-0","article-title":"Virulence and Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus Relevant to the Food Industry Using Improvements on Traditional Approaches","volume":"15","author":"Sandel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12609","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0106606","article-title":"Oligonucleotide Adsorption to Gold Nanoparticles: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Intrinsically Bent DNA","volume":"105","author":"Gearheart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhusal, N., Shrestha, S., Pote, N., and Alocilja, E.C. (2018). Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing of Tuberculosis, an Affordable and Practical Alternative to Current Methods. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9010001"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordillo-Marroqu\u00edn, C., G\u00f3mez-Velasco, A., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, H.J., Pryg, K., Shinners, J., Murray, N., Mu\u00f1oz-Jim\u00e9nez, S.G., Bencomo-Alerm, A., G\u00f3mez-Bustamante, A., and Jonap\u00e1-G\u00f3mez, L. (2018). Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing Assay Quantitatively Enhances Acid-Fast Bacilli Count in Paucibacillary Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Biosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios8040128"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2011.2157936","article-title":"Pandemic Influenza Detection by Electrically Active Magnetic Nanoparticles and Surface Plasmon Resonance","volume":"11","author":"Kamikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, July 24). NanoDropTM One\/OneC Microvolume UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Available online: https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/ND-ONEC-W."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, July 24). 3091_NanoDrop One_Help.Book. Available online: https:\/\/tools.thermofisher.com\/content\/sfs\/manuals\/3091-NanoDrop-One-Help-UG-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3423-3426.2001","article-title":"Key Role of Teichoic Acid Net Charge in Staphylococcus aureus Colonization of Artificial Surfaces","volume":"69","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827965","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/827965","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Food-Borne Disease: An Ongoing Challenge in Public Health","volume":"2014","author":"Kadariya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dester, E., Kao, K., and Alocilja, E.C. (2022). Detection of Unamplified E. Coli O157 DNA Extracted from Large Food Samples Using a Gold Nanoparticle Colorimetric Biosensor. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12050274"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2022, July 24). Staphylococcus aureus (ID 154)\u2014Genome\u2014NCBI. Available online: https:\/\/www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy1.cl.msu.edu\/genome\/154."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yrad, F.M., Casta\u00f1ares, J.M., and Alocilja, E.C. (2019). Visual Detection of Dengue-1 RNA Using Gold Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9030074"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1021\/ja021096v","article-title":"What Controls the Melting Properties of DNA-Linked Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies?","volume":"125","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ways, T., Lau, W., and Khutoryanskiy, V. (2018). Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Application in Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10030267"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.08.012","article-title":"A Multiplex Nanoparticle-Based Bio-Barcoded DNA Sensor for the Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Pathogens","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10487","DOI":"10.3390\/s120810487","article-title":"Detection of Non-PCR Amplified S. Enteritidis Genomic DNA from Food Matrices Using a Gold-Nanoparticle DNA Biosensor: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"12","author":"Vetrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.10.011","article-title":"Direct Colorimetric Detection of Unamplified Pathogen DNA by Dextrin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"101","author":"Vasher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.01.010","article-title":"DNA Probe Functionalized QCM Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticle Amplification for Bacillus Anthracis Detection","volume":"26","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.07.081","article-title":"Fluorescent Bio-Barcode DNA Assay for the Detection of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.04.055","article-title":"Nanoparticle Based DNA Biosensor for Tuberculosis Detection Using Thermophilic Helicase-Dependent Isothermal Amplification","volume":"26","author":"Alocilja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"138","article-title":"Fabrication of a Nanoparticle-Based Sensor for the Detection of Dengue Virus-3 in Aedes Aegypti","volume":"26","author":"Janell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Basic Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2023, April 12). Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/food\/published\/Fish-and-Fishery-Products-Hazards-and-Controls-Guidance-Chapter-15-Download.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.10.006","article-title":"A Microfluidic Colorimetric Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Using Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation and Smart Phone Imaging","volume":"124","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/6\/608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:48:09Z","timestamp":1760125689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/6\/608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bios13060608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios13060608","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]}}}