{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:48:47Z","timestamp":1780343327434,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2022-301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type I interferons, particularly IFN\u03b1-2b, play essential roles in eliciting adaptive and innate immune responses, being implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Therefore, the development of a highly sensitive platform for analysis of either IFN\u03b1-2b or anti-IFN\u03b1-2b antibodies is of high importance to improve the diagnosis of various pathologies associated with the IFN\u03b1-2b disbalance. For evaluation of the anti-IFN\u03b1-2b antibody level, we have synthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coupled with the recombinant human IFN\u03b1-2b protein (SPIONs@IFN\u03b1-2b). Employing a magnetic relaxation switching assay (MRSw)-based nanosensor, we detected picomolar concentrations (0.36 pg\/mL) of anti-INF\u03b1-2b antibodies. The high sensitivity of the real-time antibodies\u2019 detection was ensured by the specificity of immune responses and the maintenance of resonance conditions for water spins by choosing a high-frequency filling of short radio-frequency pulses of the generator. The formation of a complex of the SPIONs@IFN\u03b1-2b nanoparticles with the anti-INF\u03b1-2b antibodies led to a cascade process of the formation of nanoparticle clusters, which was further enhanced by exposure to a strong (7.1 T) homogenous magnetic field. Obtained magnetic conjugates exhibited high negative MR contrast-enhancing properties (as shown by NMR studies) that were also preserved when particles were administered in vivo. Thus, we observed a 1.2-fold decrease of the T2 relaxation time in the liver following administration of magnetic conjugates as compared to the control. In conclusion, the developed MRSw assay based on SPIONs@IFN\u03b1-2b nanoparticles represents an alternative immunological probe for the estimation of anti-IFN\u03b1-2b antibodies that could be further employed in clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1686017295000},"page":"624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Magnetic Relaxation Switching Assay Using IFN\u03b1-2b-Conjugated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Anti-Interferon Antibody Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Boris","family":"Nikolaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila","family":"Yakovleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0239-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viacheslav","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Biophysics, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, Chernigovskaya Str. 5, 196084 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Yudintceva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Ryzhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, 188300 Gatchina, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaroslav","family":"Marchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Centre \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, 188300 Gatchina, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ischenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hybridoma Technologies, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira Str. 14, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zhakhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hybridoma Technologies, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira Str. 14, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoliy","family":"Dobrodumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huile","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Shevtsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Cell Technologies, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.14","article-title":"Antitumour actions of interferons: Implications for cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Parker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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