{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:28:04Z","timestamp":1792175284670,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Science &amp; Technology (NST)","award":["CRC22021-200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC22021-200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial infections resulting from foodborne pathogenic bacteria cause millions of infections that greatly threaten human health and are one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. To counter this, the early, rapid, and accurate detection of bacterial infections is very important to address serious health issue concerns. We, therefore, present an electrochemical biosensor based on aptamers that selectively bind with the DNA of specific bacteria for the accurate and rapid detection of various foodborne bacteria for the selective determination of bacterial infection types. Different aptamers were synthesized and immobilized on Au electrodes for selective bindings of different types of bacterial DNA (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus) for the accurate detection and quantification of bacterial concentrations from 101 to 107 CFU\/mL without using any labeling methods. Under optimized conditions, the sensor showed a good response to the various concentrations of bacteria, and a robust calibration curve was obtained. The sensor could detect the bacterial concentration at meager quantities and possessed an LOD of 4.2 \u00d7 101, 6.1 \u00d7 101, and 4.4 \u00d7 101 CFU\/mL for S. Typhimurium, E. Coli, and S. aureus, respectively, with a linear range from 100 to 104 CFU\/mL for the total bacteria probe and 100 to 103 CFU\/mL for individual probes, respectively. The proposed biosensor is simple and rapid and has shown a good response to bacterial DNA detections and thus can be applied in clinical applications and food safety monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:56:34Z","timestamp":1686624994000},"page":"641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Electrochemical Detection of Different Foodborne Bacteria for Point-of-Care Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tailin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay Kumar","family":"Yagati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Rapid Quantitative Detection of Bacterial in Water Based on Multi-Wavelength Scattering Spectra","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Ikuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1053\/ic.1998.v26.a95051","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A worldwide problem for health care institutions","volume":"26","author":"McGowan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh324","article-title":"Real-time PCR for universal antibiotic susceptibility testing","volume":"54","author":"Rolain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02711","article-title":"One System for All: Is Mass Spectrometry a Future Alternative for Conventional Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing?","volume":"10","author":"Welker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4761","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00863-13","article-title":"DNA Microarray for Genotyping Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates","volume":"57","author":"Dally","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6352","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC01353F","article-title":"Microfluidic systems for rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) at the single-cell level","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18902-x","article-title":"A fast impedance-based antimicrobial susceptibility test","volume":"11","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.20","article-title":"New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Davenport","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2021.04.009","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Real-Time RT-PCR-Based SARS-CoV-2 Detection Methods and Its Application to Human-Derived and Surface Swabbed Material","volume":"23","author":"Tastanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Worsfold, P., Poole, C., Townshend, A., and Mir\u00f3, M. (2019). Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8555842","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8555842","article-title":"An Electrochemical-Based Point-of-Care Testing Methodology for Uric Acid Measurement","volume":"2022","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, G.C., Choudhury, S., Rabbani, M.M., and Das, J. (2022). A Review on Potential Electrochemical Point-of-Care Tests Targeting Pandemic Infectious Disease Detection: COVID-19 as a Reference. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10070269"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201600758","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensors in Point-of-Care Devices: Recent Advances and Future Trends","volume":"4","author":"Souto","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12467","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00638","article-title":"Emerging Electrochemical Biosensing Trends for Rapid Diagnosis of COVID-19 Biomarkers as Point-of-Care Platforms: A Critical Review","volume":"7","author":"Madhurantakam","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinibaldi, A., Sampaoli, C., Danz, N., Munzert, P., Sonntag, F., Centola, F., Occhicone, A., Tremante, E., Giacomini, P., and Michelotti, F. (2017). Bloch Surface Waves Biosensors for High Sensitivity Detection of Soluble ERBB2 in a Complex Biological Environment. Biosensors, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7030033"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6312","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2020-6312","article-title":"Use of differential sensing-based biosensors to quantify ERK kinase activity in complex biological samples","volume":"80","author":"Pridgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100612","article-title":"Aptamers and Their Biological Applications","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian, S.L. (2022). Cancer Cell Biology: Methods and Protocols, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2376-3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2006.660","article-title":"Pyrene-modified DNA aptamer as a fluorescent biosensor with high affinity and specificity for ATP sensing","volume":"35","author":"Kamekawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19586","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03665H","article-title":"Electrostatics of DNA nucleotide-carbon nanotube hybrids evaluated from QM:MM simulations","volume":"7","author":"Amirani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001048","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001048","article-title":"Hydrophobic Interaction: A Promising Driving Force for the Biomedical Applications of Nucleic Acids","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.05.035","article-title":"Hybridization-based aptamer labeling using complementary oligonucleotide platform for PET and optical imaging","volume":"100","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300281u","article-title":"Functional-Group Specific Aptamers Indirectly Recognizing Compounds with Alkyl Amino Group","volume":"84","author":"Mei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odeh, F., Nsairat, H., Alshaer, W., Ismail, M.A., Esawi, E., Qaqish, B., Al Bawab, A., and Ismail, S.I. (2020). Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010003"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109361","article-title":"Portable chemiluminescence optical fiber aptamer-based biosensors for analysis of multiple mycotoxins","volume":"144","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504487g","article-title":"Label-Free Optical Biosensors Based on Aptamer-Functionalized Porous Silicon Scaffolds","volume":"87","author":"Urmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"43","article-title":"Impedimetric Aptamer-Based Biosensors: Applications","volume":"174","author":"Preuss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12010","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b01558","article-title":"Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Cardiac Biomarkers","volume":"3","author":"Grabowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.014","article-title":"Recent advances in biosensor development for the detection of cancer biomarkers","volume":"91","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2008.00633.x","article-title":"The Hill equation: A review of its capabilities in pharmacological modelling","volume":"22","author":"Goutelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fund. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03750-5","article-title":"Highly sensitive interleukin 6 detection by employing commercially ready liposomes in an LFA format","volume":"414","author":"Rink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/6\/641\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:53:17Z","timestamp":1760125997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/6\/641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bios13060641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios13060641","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]}}}