{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:53:45Z","timestamp":1791921225801,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation- FAPESP","award":["2019\/27021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/27021-4"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation- FAPESP","award":["2017\/13137-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/13137-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation- FAPESP","award":["2014\/50867-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50867-3"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation- FAPESP","award":["311847-2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311847-2018-8"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation- FAPESP","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"Brazil National Council for Research-CNPq","award":["2019\/27021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/27021-4"]}]},{"name":"Brazil National Council for Research-CNPq","award":["2017\/13137-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/13137-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazil National Council for Research-CNPq","award":["2014\/50867-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/50867-3"]}]},{"name":"Brazil National Council for Research-CNPq","award":["311847-2018-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311847-2018-8"]}]},{"name":"Brazil National Council for Research-CNPq","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common neurological disease and a serious cause of dementia, which constitutes a threat to human health. The clinical evidence has found that extracellular amyloid-beta peptides (A\u03b2), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and intracellular tau proteins, which are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), are the leading biomarkers for accurate and early diagnosis of AD due to their central role in disease pathology, their correlation with disease progression, their diagnostic value, and their implications for therapeutic interventions. Their detection and monitoring contribute significantly to understanding AD and advancing clinical care. Available diagnostic techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), are mainly used to validate AD diagnosis. However, these methods are expensive, yield results that are difficult to interpret, and have common side effects such as headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, researchers have focused on developing cost-effective, portable, and point-of-care alternative diagnostic devices to detect specific biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other biofluids. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in developing electrochemical immunosensors for detecting AD biomarkers (A\u03b2 and p-tau protein) and their subtypes (A\u03b2O, A\u03b2(1-40), A\u03b2(1-42), t-tau, cleaved-tau (c-tau), p-tau181, p-tau231, p-tau381, and p-tau441). We also evaluated the key characteristics and electrochemical performance of developed immunosensing platforms, including signal interfaces, nanomaterials or other signal amplifiers, biofunctionalization methods, and even primary electrochemical sensing performances (i.e., sensitivity, linear detection range, the limit of detection (LOD), and clinical application).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13070742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:46:02Z","timestamp":1689644762000},"page":"742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Electrochemical Immunosensors Developed for Amyloid-Beta and Tau Proteins, Leading Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00facio","family":"Angnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naghmeh","family":"Sattarahmady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6512-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Negahdary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Heli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical spectrum: Diagnosis and management","volume":"103","author":"Atri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallaway, P.J., Miyake, H., Buchowski, M.S., Shimada, M., Yoshitake, Y., Kim, A.S., and Hongu, N. (2017). Physical activity: A viable way to reduce the risks of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and vascular dementia in older adults. 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