{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:20:50Z","timestamp":1773451250582,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0864"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0006"]}]},{"name":"General Fund of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0864"]}]},{"name":"General Fund of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prevailing methods for esophageal motility assessments, such as perfusion manometry and probe-based function imaging, frequently overlook the intricate stress fields acting on the liquid-filled balloons at the forefront of the probing device within the esophageal lumen. To bridge this knowledge gap, we innovatively devised an infusible flexible balloon catheter, equipped with a quartet of PVDF piezoelectric sensors. This design, working in concert with a bespoke local key-node analytical algorithm and a sensor array state analysis model, seeks to shed new light on the dynamic mechanical characteristics at pivotal esophageal locales. To further this endeavor, we pioneered a singular closed balloon system and a complementary signal acquisition and processing system that employs a homogeneously distributed PVDF piezoelectric sensor array for the real-time monitoring of dynamic mechanical nuances in the esophageal segment. An advanced analytical model was established to scrutinize the coupled physical fields under varying degrees of balloon inflation, thereby facilitating a thorough dynamic stress examination of local esophageal nodes. Our rigorous execution of static, dynamic, and simulated swallowing experiments robustly substantiated the viability of our design, the logical coherence of our esophageal key-point stress analytical algorithm, and the potential clinical utility of a flexible esophageal key-node stress detection balloon probe outfitted with a PVDF array. This study offers a fresh lens through which esophageal motility testing can be viewed and improved upon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13080791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:28:29Z","timestamp":1691141309000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Flexible PVDF-Based Balloon Sensor for Detecting Mechanical Forces at Key Esophageal Nodes in Esophageal Motility Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minchuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingbing","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000731","article-title":"ACG clinical guidelines: Diagnosis and management of achalasia","volume":"115","author":"Vaezi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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