{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:33:15Z","timestamp":1790109195323,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["ZDXYS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202207"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["wk023-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wk023-006"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["BE2020756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2020756"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention","award":["ZDXYS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202207"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention","award":["wk023-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wk023-006"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention","award":["BE2020756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2020756"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["ZDXYS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202207"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["wk023-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wk023-006"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2020756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2020756"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, typically characterized by chronic infection in endemic regions, has the potential to affect liver tissue and pose a serious threat to human health. Detecting and screening for this disease early on is crucial for its prevention and control. However, existing methods encounter challenges such as low sensitivity, time-consuming processes, and complex sample handling. To address these challenges, we report a soluble egg antigen (SEA)-based functionalized gridless and meander-type AlGaN\/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) sensor for the highly sensitive detection of antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum. Immobilization of the self-assembled membrane on the gate surface was verified using a semiconductor parameter analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The developed biosensor demonstrates remarkable performance in detecting anti-SEA, exhibiting a linear concentration range of 10 ng\/mL to 100 \u03bcg\/mL and a sensitivity of 0.058 mA\/log (ng\/mL). It also exhibits similar excellent performance in serum systems. With advantages such as rapid detection, high sensitivity, miniaturization, and label-free operation, this biosensor can fulfill the requirements for blood defense.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13080831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T01:49:34Z","timestamp":1692582574000},"page":"831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Miniature Biomedical Sensor for Rapid Detection of Schistosoma japonicum Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuecheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9778-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiyan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-018-0047-z","article-title":"Comparative study of multiclass classification methods on light microscopic images for hepatic schistosomiasis fibrosis diagnosis","volume":"6","author":"Ashour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Inf. Sci. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13111","article-title":"Interleukin-9 blockage reduces early hepatic granuloma formation and fibrosis during Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice","volume":"158","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00676-5","article-title":"Surveillance-based evidence: Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples\u2019 Republic of China","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01970","article-title":"CD18 Regulates Monocyte Hematopoiesis and Promotes Resistance to Experimental Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fron. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703582","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.703582","article-title":"Ultrasound-Induced Amino Acid-Based Hydrogels with Superior Mechanical Strength for Controllable Long-Term Release of Anti-Cercariae Drug","volume":"9","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campelo, Y., Ombredane, A., Vasconcelos, A.G., Albuquerque, L., Moreira, D.C., Placido, A., Rocha, J., Fokoue, H.H., Yamaguchi, L., and Mafud, A. (2018). Structure-Activity Relationship of Piplartine and Synthetic Analogues against Schistosoma mansoni and Cytotoxicity to Mammalian Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061802"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13610","article-title":"IL-7 suppresses macrophage autophagy and promotes liver pathology in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01979","article-title":"Emerging Role of HMGB1 in the Pathogenesis of Schistosomiasis Liver Fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Vicentino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0293-3","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma haematobium and re-infection rates among school-going children in the Ndumo area of uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Kabuyaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00057","article-title":"Elucidation of Cellular Responses in Non-human Primates with Chronic Schistosomiasis Followed by Praziquantel Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Melkus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeles, J.M.M., Wanlop, A., Dang-Trinh, M.A., Kirinoki, M., Kawazu, S.I., and Yajima, A. (2023). Evaluation of Crude and Recombinant Antigens of Schistosoma japonicum for the Detection of Schistosoma mekongi Human Infection. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020184"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105800","article-title":"Use of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) for antibody detection and diagnosis of schistosomiasis: The need for improved accuracy evaluations of diagnostic tools","volume":"215","author":"Favero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e238","article-title":"Comparison of ELISA and Urine Microscopy for Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium Infection","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.12023","article-title":"Higher Frequency of Circulating PD-1(high) CXCR5(+)CD4(+) Tfh Cells in Patients with Chronic Schistosomiasis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02331","article-title":"Glycan Microarray-Assisted Identification of IgG Subclass Targets in Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00381","article-title":"Cellular Markers of Active Disease and Cure in Different Forms of Leishmania infantum-lnduced Disease","volume":"8","author":"Botana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-87","article-title":"Performance of a dipstick dye immunoassay for rapid screening of Schistosoma japonicum infection in areas of low endemicity","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0032920","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00329-20","article-title":"Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.12.003","article-title":"Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Hinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Liang, Y.A., Han, J.W., Lu, Q.H., Chen, Q., Wang, Z.Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., and Yuan, R.J. (2022). Research on the Synergistic Effect of Total Ionization and Displacement Dose in GaN HEMT Using Neutron and Gamma-Ray Irradiation. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132126"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6641\/abb8fb","article-title":"Applications of AlGaN\/GaN high electron mobility transistor-based sensors in water quality monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semicond. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9595","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2871718","article-title":"Analytical Modeling and Simulation-Based Investigation of AlGaN\/AlN\/GaN Bio-HEMT Sensor for C-erbB-2 Detection","volume":"18","author":"Varghese","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15341","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02055A","article-title":"Highly sensitive AlGaN\/GaN HEMT biosensors using an ethanolamine modification strategy for bioassay applications","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107098","article-title":"Piezotronic effect on two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN\/ GaN heterostructure","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ene, V.L., Dinescu, D., Djourelov, N., Zai, I., Vasile, B.S., Serban, A.B., Leca, V., and Andronescu, E. (2020). Defect Structure Determination of GaN Films in GaN\/AlN\/Si Heterostructures by HR-TEM, XRD, and Slow Positrons Experiments. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020197"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-019-3025-8","article-title":"High Breakdown Voltage and Low Dynamic ON-Resistance AlGaN\/GaN HEMT with Fluorine Ion Implantation in SiNx Passivation Layer","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X.D., Li, J., Su, K., Ge, C., Li, Z.C., Zhan, T., Wang, G.H., and Li, J.M. (2019). Performance-Enhanced 365 nm UV LEDs with Electrochemically Etched Nanoporous AlGaN Distributed Bragg Reflectors. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9060862"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03331-y","article-title":"Detection of microRNA-335-5p on an Interdigitated Electrode Surface for Determination of the Severity of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/nano3020272","article-title":"Electrophoretic Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes on 3-Amino-Propyl-Triethoxysilane (APTES) Surface Functionalized Silicon Substrates","volume":"3","author":"Sarkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.11.011","article-title":"Nitric oxide-generating compound and bio-clickable peptide mimic for synergistically tailoring surface anti-thrombogenic and anti-microbial dual-functions","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113921","article-title":"An ultrasensitive biosensor for prostate specific antigen detection in complex serum based on functional signal amplifier and designed peptides with both antifouling and recognizing capabilities","volume":"200","author":"Hui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-022-03713-4","article-title":"High Performance Flip-Structure Enhancement-Mode HEMT with Face-to-Face Double Gates","volume":"17","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf5509","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf5509","article-title":"An optical aptasensor for real-time quantification of endotoxin: From ensemble to single-molecule resolution","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulikkathodi, A.K., Sarangadharan, I., Lo, C.Y., Chen, P.H., Chen, C.C., and Wang, Y.L. (2018). Miniaturized Biomedical Sensors for Enumeration of Extracellular Vesicles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082213"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05426-6","article-title":"Beyond the Debye length in high ionic strength solution: Direct protein detection with field-effect transistors (FETs) in human serum","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27804-5","article-title":"Synthetic prodrug design enables biocatalytic activation in mice to elicit tumor growth suppression","volume":"13","author":"Nasibullin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2005.12.016","article-title":"An amplified mass piezoelectric immunosensor for Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.11.053","article-title":"Superhydrophobic surface-based magnetic electrochemical immunoassay for detection of Schistosoma japonicum antibodies","volume":"33","author":"Nie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2005.03.005","article-title":"Silver-enhanced colloidal gold metalloimmunoassay for Schistosoma japonicum antibody detection","volume":"301","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860807","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.860807","article-title":"A Novel miRNA from Egg-Derived Exosomes of Schistosoma japonicum Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Murine Schistosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/8\/831\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:38:06Z","timestamp":1760128686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/13\/8\/831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bios13080831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios13080831","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]]}}}